Most clim ate change adaptation m easures identified by LGUs are structural responses to im prove the resilience of governm ent infrastructure to clim ate change and clim ate variability. These include the upgrading and construction of roads, ports, and aviation infrastructure to climate-resilient design standards. Mostly, the specific standards used to make these investments climate-resilient are not known. Under the government’s risk resiliency program (RRP), farm-tomarket roads should be at least six inches thick and five meters wide (PRDP-NPCO, 2015). Meanwhile, a number of provinces (e.g. Zamboanga, Bulacan, Sorsogon, Surigao del Sur, Albay) and municipalities (e.g. San Agustin, Isabela) are recipients of the Department of Agriculture–Philippine Rural Development Program (DA-PRDP), with identified investments in climate-resilient farm-to-market and provincial roads that have different design standards. 6 In addition, many of the tagged infrastructure PPAs financed by the national government are assumed to follow DPWH standards, and some LGUs (e.g. Albay) have used the design guidelines and standards prescribed by DPWH in 2012. Som e LGUs are m ore advanced in addressing clim ate change than others, and in integrating CC adaptation within particular sectors. In the Province of Pampanga, for instance, research on the impacts of climate change have been programmed for 2016, and sectors that are disproportionately vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, such as farmers, are being targeted for CCA. Furthermore, Bohol and Albay have CCA well integrated into disaster preparedness plans and programs. In Bohol’s Provincial Disaster and Risk Reduction and Management Plan (PDRRMP), CCA is well articulated in its vision, mission, and outcome statements. One of the objectives of the plan is to establish and institutionalize a PDRRM – CCA governance office. Among the programs identified in the plan are the scaling up use of renewable energy (e.g. solar panels), rainwater collectors, and climate-resistant seeds. Meanwhile, in Southern Leyte, the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF) is used for PPAs that reduce climate risks and minimize the impact of disasters. These include activities on Information, Education and Communication (IEC) campaigns on DRR/CCA, climate proofing of government infrastructure, and flood control. Similarly, the Province of Surigao del Norte (PSDN) has included CCA PPAs under their LDRRMPs, including a community-based monitoring system (CBMS). Mitigation expenditures m ake up around 2 percent of total CC expenditures. Solid waste management PPAs account for the majority of mitigation expenditures (44%). Investments in urban traffic management to reduce GHG emissions per unit transported makes up around 9% of total CMC expenditures, followed by reforestation and afforestation projects at 8%.                                                                                                                           PRDP Operation’s Manual specifies that the designs (of roads and bridges) must adjust to the challenges brought about by climate change and the recent effect of typhoon Yolanda, which dictates the adjustment in wind load to about 250 to 300 km/hour. The document further states that “the technical specifications … must be in consonance with the specifications of relevant government agencies and line agencies such as the National Building Code of the Philippines, DPWH Standard Specifications for Public Works Structures, 2004 edition Volume III, Buildings, Ports and Harbors, Flood Control and Drainage Structures and Water Supply Systems, NMIS, PhilMech and others.” (PRDP Operations Manual I-BUILD, March 31, 2015). 6   33