CEDAW/C/GC/37 factors for migration, in particular among women. 30 In several regions, climate change and disasters are contributing to an increase in the migration o f women, on their own, into sectors of work done predominantly by women, for the purposes of supporting family members who no longer have local livelihood opportunities. 75. Women migrants face a heightened risk of gender-based violence, including trafficking in persons, and other forms of discrimination in transit, in camps, at borders and in destination countries. Women may also face specific human rights violations during migration and at their destination, owing to a lack of adequate sexual, reproductive and mental health services and discrimination in gaining access to employment, social security, education, housing, legal documents such as birth or marriage certificates, and justice. Migrant women and girls are frequently subject to intersecting forms of discrimination. Women who migrate may also be vulnerable to the impacts of climate change in destination areas, in particular in urban centres in developing countries. 76. In many contexts, however, women are impeded from leaving regions that are at high risk of disaster or migrating to re-establish their lives in the wake of extreme climatic events. 31 Gender-based stereotypes, household responsibilities, discriminatory laws, lack of economic resources and limited access to social capital frequently restrict the ability of women to migrate. 77. Women who are left behind when male family members migrate may also find themselves having to take on non-traditional economic and community leadership tasks for which they have had little preparation or training, s uch as when disasters occur and women must assume primary responsibility for coordinating mitigation, recovery and adaptation efforts. 78. In accordance with the Convention and general recommendation No. 26 (2008) on women migrant workers and general recommendation No. 32, States parties should: (a) Ensure that migration and development policies are gender responsive and that they include sound disaster risk considerations and recognize disasters and climate change as important push factors for internal displacement and migration. That information should be incorporated into national and local plans for monitoring and supporting the rights of women and girls during migration and displacement; (b) Facilitate the participation of migrant women, including those who have been displaced as a result of disasters and climate change, in the development, implementation and monitoring of policies designed to protect and promote their human rights at all phases of migration. Particular efforts must be made to involve migrant women in designing appropriate services in areas including mental health and psychosocial support, sexual and reproductive health, education and training, employment, housing and access to justice; (c) Ensure gender balance among the border police, military personnel and government officials responsible for the reception of migrants and train those groups on the gender-specific harm that migrant women may face, including the increased risk of violence; (d) Integrate human mobility-related considerations into disaster risk reduction and climate change mitigation and adaptation policies, taking into __________________ 30 31 18-03824 Ibid. See also general recommendation No. 26 (2008) on women migrant workers. Asian Development Bank, Gender Equality and Food Security: Women’s Empowerment as a Tool against Hunger (Mandaluyong City, Philippines, 2013), p. 12. 23/24