the United States throughout the 20th Century and into the 21st. Documents disclosed during recent bankruptcy procedures indicate that at least three U.S. based coal companies among the respondents— Peabody Coal, Arch Coal, and Alpha Natural Resources--continued to fund climate misinformation efforts well into the present decade. Reputable news reports on these disclosures are cited in the synthesis. Given the comparative paucity of widely available public documents addressing the activities of Carbon Majors based outside the U.S., the absence of specific reference to activities of non-U.S. Respondents should not be construed as evidence of absence. As investigations continue, both within the Commission and before bodies in other jurisdictions, it is likely that additional documents will come to light and that some of these documents may offer insights into the specific knowledge of other Carbon Majors with respect to climate change, and with respect to their actions in light of that knowledge. At the same time, and until such new information becomes available, no activities in this Synthesis report should be imputed to companies for which documentation does not exist, with one exception: In the view of CIEL, and in the absence of compelling evidence to the contrary, it is reasonable to infer that, at all relevant times, every Carbon Major was aware or should have been aware of the state of and climate science and the existence of potentially significant climate risks associated with its products to a degree generally commensurate with other companies in its industry and/or national context. 24