Memorandum for the Petitioners | 74 8.3. Further, Ms. De Guzman explained that “with regard to trends in extreme daily rainfall, majority of the weather stations all over the Philippines showed [an] increasing trend in the number of days with extreme rainfall events. Rainfall trends in some synoptic weather stations show a significant increase in both intensity and frequency, particularly in the cities of Laoag, Infanta, Tacloban, Iloilo, and Cotabato.”>%7 8.4. The following observations relating to the state of the Philippine climate were reported by PAGASA, as follows: Observed daily precipitation and near surface air temperature data from 34 synoptic weather stations in the Philippines for the period 1951-2010 were subjected to trend analysis which revealed an overall warming tendency compared to the normal mean values for the period 1961— 1990. This warming trend can be observed in the annual mean temperatures, daily minimum mean temperatures and to a lesser extent, daily maximum mean temperatures. Precipitation and temperature extremes for the period 1951-2010 were also analyzed relative to the mean 19611990 baseline values. Some stations (Cotabato, Iloilo, Laoag and Tacloban,) show increases in both frequency and intensity of extreme daily rainfall events which are significant at the 95% level with none of the stations showing decreasing trends. The frequency of daily temperature maximum above the 99th percentile (hot days) and nights at the Ist percentile (cold nights) suggests that both days and nights in particular are becoming warmer. Such indicators of a warming trend and increase in extreme events in the Philippines are discussed in the context of similar national, regional (Asia Pacific) and global studies. The relevance of such empirically based climatology studies, particularly for nations such as the Philippines which are increasingly vulnerable to the multiple impacts of global climate change, is also considered.3°8 Impacts of Philippines A. 8.5. climate Warming Acidification change in Oceans and the Ocean According to the IPCC, “[t]he ocean plays a central role in the Earth’s climate.”°°? Around the world, 850 million people live within 100 km 597 Id; Extreme rainfall intensity is the mean intensity of events greater than or equal to the 99" percentile each year, while extreme rainfall frequency is the mean frequency of events greater than or equal to the 99" percentile each year. See also Cinco et al., supra note 305 at Table 3, p. 24. 38 Cinco et al., supra note 305, p. 1 (Abstract). 3° Hoegh-Guldberg, O., ef al., (2014), The Ocean. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United