rights violations which they have caused or contributed to, even if these impacts were the result of actions by their suppliers or business partners (Ibid). Finally, in case of human rights violations, those affected should be provided with a robust and appropriate remedy. The UNGP BHR maintain that the both States and businesses should contribute to providing remedy through judicial and non-judicial means (Ibid).8 An integrated framework for responsible land and agricultural investments While the UNGP BHR prescribe a set of general standards for governments and businesses involved in a vast array of enterprises, the rai principles propose ideal characteristics specific to investments in agriculture. The rai and the UNGP BHR complement one another, in such that they have similar goals and underlying principles. Both sets of standards may be interfaced with one another to produce an integrated framework for assessing investments in land and agriculture in relation to land rights and human rights. The rai principles may be seen in connection with the three pillars identified in the UNGP BHR although the rai principles focus specifically on companies’ role in ensuring that investments do not undermine human rights. While it is the State that has the primary duty to protect human rights under the UNGP BHR, investors must also comply with State policies enacted for the protection of rights. These interrelations are illustrated in Figure 3 below. Principles 2 and 4 of the rai are related to the protect pillar of the UNGP BHR. Principles 1, 5, and 6, may be subsumed under the respect pillar of UNGP BHR. Principle 3 on fair dispute resolution may fall under the remedy pillar of the UNGP BHR. Lastly, the rai’s 7th principle calls for complementary policies and programs which may apply Figure 3. Integrated framework for responsible land and agricultural to all the previous principles in the three investments (Ravanera, 2018) pillars of the UNGP BHR. 8 For further reading on the UNGP BHR, refer to this link: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/ GuidingPrinciplesBusinessHR_EN.pdf ANGOC and KPA 89