Principle 3. Responsible Agricultural Investment settles disputes in a fair, effective and timely manner. Principle 4. Responsible Agricultural Investment uses natural resources sustainably contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Principle 5. Responsible Agricultural Investment respects women, cultural heritage, landscapes, traditional knowledge and customary laws. Principle 6. Responsible Agricultural Investment improves the livelihood of men and women, people’s food security and nutrition. Principle 7. Complementary policies and programs support Responsible Agricultural Investment. These principles have been recommended to the Committee on World Food Security (CFS) and were endorsed by the CFS in 2014.7 The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGP BHR) In 2008, the UN endorsed the “Protect, Respect, and Remedy Framework” for business and human rights, developed by then-Special Representative of the UN Secretary General John Ruggie. The UN Framework came about after a series of global consultations with governments, civil society organizations, businesses, victims of corporate human rights abuses, and three years of research (ANGOC, 2017; UN Working Group on Business and Human Rights, n.d.). In 2011, the UN Human Rights Council unanimously endorsed the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGP BHR) to operationalize the UN Framework. The UNGP BHR consist of three pillars: protect, respect, and remedy (Ibid). The UNGP BHR emphasize that States have the duty to protect everyone in its territory from human rights abuses by businesses and all other actors in society. Thus, States must prevent, investigate, punish, and redress human rights abuses in business operations within their country (Ibid). The UNGP BHR also underline that businesses have a responsibility to respect human rights, which exists independently of the State’s duty to protect human rights. Business enterprises must then prevent, mitigate, and remedy human 7 For further reading on the rai, see Principles of responsible agricultural investments: Philippines’ Multi-stakeholders Input to Committee on World Food Security (Ravanera and Quitangon, 2013) here: http://www.angoc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/VGGTand-RAI.pdf_web.pdf 88 Upholding Land Rights amidst the Land Rush