5 • • • Emissions linked to 50 investor-owned carbon producers, including BP, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, ExxonMobil, Peabody, Shell and Total, were responsible for roughly 16 percent of the global average temperature increase from 1880 to 2010, and around 11 percent of the global sea level rise during the same time frame; Emissions tied to the same 50 companies from 1980 to 2010, a time when fossil fuel companies were aware their products were causing global warming, contributed approximately 10 percent of the global average temperature increase and about 4 percent sea level rise; and Emissions traced to 31 majority state-owned companies, including Coal India, Gazprom, Kuwait Petroleum, Pemex, Petroleos de Venezuela, National Iranian Oil Company and Saudi Aramco, were responsible for about 15 percent of the global temperature increase and approximately 7 percent of the sea level rise between 1880 and 2010. The published paper presented the full range of values for climate sensitivity and other parameters modeled. The findings noted above are those using bestestimate parameters, which yielded results that most closely align with historical observations over recent decades. Q9: Other than what you have mentioned, are there any striking findings related to the carbon producers that your group was able to uncover? A9: Our research characterizes the contribution of carbon dioxide and methane emissions traced to individual companies to increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, global mean surface temperature and global sea level. Results for each of the top twenty companies are shown in the figure below.