99 Figure 1. Land cases in court 27,993 u 26,143 u 25,000 23,989 u 20,000 n 15,000 n 14,917 n 15,448 u u 23,761 n 17,514 22,110 n 17,086 16,636 10,000 u Cases filed n Cases decided 5,000 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Source: The Annual Reports for 2012-2016 of the Supreme Court of Nepal making process are reported as core reasons behind the inefficiency of the formal justice system in resolving land disputes. As of 2017, more than 146,900 cases between landlords and tenants remain in land reform offices. This six-month monitoring initiative further recorded the following: n one conflict between a landless community and the army in one district; n nine cases of eviction due to construction of large infrastructure projects in nine districts; n 10 cases of land mafia titling of lands occupied by communities for over 20 years, in seven districts; and, n Conflicts between three parks and nine local communities. Implications Given the major political changes in the country, the commencement of large commercial and infrastructure projects and the erosion of informal and customary tenure, rural communities have become worse-off in many ways. Landless and marginal land holders’ families suffer from semi-feudal oppression, resulting in lack of land to work on and extreme poverty and hunger. Production and productivity has decreased, as productive lands remain either uncultivated or under-cultivated. This, among other things, results in unemployment or underemployment. Discrimination, injustice and debt bondage are prevalent. Given this situation, it is not surprising that violence is occurring at family, community, and State levels. Nepal Land Conflict Monitoring Report 30,000