87 Agrarian conflict-affected area per sector Forestry sector conflict cases comprised an area of 137,204.47 hectares in 2017. From January to August 2018, the conflict area consisted of 63,504.52 hectares. In the infrastructure sector, conflicts comprised a total area of 52,607.90 hectares in 2017, and 4,577.62 hectares from January to August 2018. The mining sector conflicts covered 45,792.80 hectares in 2017 and 22,681.60 hectares from January to August 2018. The coastal and maritime sector conflict area was 42,109.47 hectares in 2017 and 54,052.60 hectares from January to August 2018. In the agricultural sector, the figures are 38,986.24 hectares (2017), and 22,450.69 hectares (January to August 2018). Finally, the property sector conflicts covered 10,337.72 hectares (2017) and 12,567.44 hectares (January to August 2018). VICTIMS AND PERPETRATORS ON AGRARIAN CONFLICT Victims of violence and criminalization In Indonesia, agrarian conflicts frequently involve brutal violence perpetrated by State security apparatus or by companies against local people who resist eviction. Almost every year, tens of people are killed for defending their land. For purposes of identifying violence victims, KPA makes use of four categories: i) killed, ii) persecuted, iii) shot, and iv) criminalized (imprisoned). In 2017, there were 13 people killed, six shot, 369 criminalized (351 males and 18 females), and 224 injured (170 males and 54 females). Thus, a total of 612 citizens were victimized in agrarian conflicts. In the period January to August 2018, nine people were killed, six shot, 152 put in jail, and 94 beaten (81 males and 13 females). Indonesia Monitoring Report of Agrarian Conflicts for 2017-2018 Of the total land area of 520,491.87 hectares affected by agrarian conflicts in 2017, some 194,453.27 hectares were in the plantation sector. Of all the sectors, this sector constitutes the largest land area affected by land conflicts. From this figure, oil palm plantations contributed the largest area with 95,565.27 hectares or 49 percent of the total in the plantation sector. Including the conflicts recorded up to August 2018, the agrarian conflict affected area totals 444,277.02 hectares.