90 In defense of land rights: A monitoring report on land conflicts in six Asian countries Province (cont.) Police and Court System n Litigation, criminal-approach (law bias, formal n n n n National Land Agency rights) Time consuming Expensive Expert witness issue Gap between court decision and execution n No breakthrough regulations (clear & clean approach) n Dependent on national mechanism/decision n Time consuming National Task Force of Conflict Resolution n n n n Ministry of Agrarian Affairs: Department on Land Dispute Settlement n Lack of coordination n No breakthrough regulations; clear & clean Ministry of Environment and Forestry Ministry of Agriculture Police and Supreme Court n n n n n Political interest/opportunity Short term agenda/will Capacity on knowledge and awareness Budget issue approach Reactive approach; case by case basis Time consuming Changes in officials Transparency of relevant data/information Bias on definition or terminology n Litigation, criminal-approach (law bias, formal n n n n rights) Time consuming Expensive Expert witness issue Gap between court decision and execution National Commission on Human Rights n Less authority (recommendatory role) n Investigation, mediation n Bias on human rights violence perspectives Ombudsman n Less authority (recommendatory role) n Investigation n Maladministration/procedural approach Corruption Eradication Commission n Mainstreaming corruption on land related issues n Evidence based approached/on the spot ANGOC violence President Executive Office n Task Force on Agrarian Conflict Resolution n Online complaint/reporting mechanism n Complaint handling mechanism n Facilitating and coordinating related parties for National Parliament n Commission 2 (Land Affairs) n Commission 3 (Police Affairs) n Fractions: complaints and reporting mechanism n Elites, politicians n Complaint handling mechanism n Facilitating and calling related parties for dialogue/mediation process, investigation n n n n n clarification or mediation process Investigation Political interest/opportunity Short term agenda/will Capacity, knowledge and awareness Time consuming