Rights to traditional governance. IPRA respects the community’s right to traditionally manage, control, use, protect and develop their ancestral domains, but subject to “consistency” with national laws. The allowable resource utilization includes the right to enjoy the benefits of resources subject to existing national laws on natural resource use and exploitation. The appropriate traditional leadership structure of the indigenous community exercises governance over the CADT. However, the local rules and policies are subject to the “legal framework” of existing national laws. Access and utilization of all natural resources within the coverage of the CADT will require FPIC from the concerned indigenous community. Implementation of IPRA and its outcomes Early years. In its first three years of existence, the NCIP was not able to issue a single CADT; rather, it certified community consent for dozens of mining applications, an act which it had no legal power to effect under the IPRA. Initial findings of the Office of the President’s Performance Audit reveal that the NCIP was ill-equipped, the staff poorly trained and lacking field experience or appropriate cultural sensitivity to handle land conflicts and issues of resource access affecting indigenous communities. The Arroyo administration, through the NCIP, committed to fully implement the IPRA and promised to issue at least 100 domain titles by mid-2002. However, the annual budgetary allocations for the NCIP and its ancestral domain management activities remained at a paltry average of 0.07 percent of the national budget. Moreover, the situation did not improve, as the trend in budgetary allocation for Government services towards ancestral domain titling and community resources management continued to decrease. (IFAD, 2001) IPRA after 20 years. As of 2018, a total of 221 CADTs have been approved, covering a total area of 5,413,773 hectares of ancestral lands and waters. Some 1,206,026 individuals have directly benefitted from the tenurial security afforded by the approval of the CADTs. Some 53 percent, or more than half (117) of the CADTs approved are in Mindanao, while 94 CADTs (43 percent) are in Luzon and 10 CADTs (5 percent) are in the Visayas. 80 Status of Land and Resource Tenure Reform in the Philippines 2018