Summary of findings In spite of the Fisheries Code, other laws and programs, municipal fisherfolk continue to experience inequality and conflicts over access to coastal resources. First and foremost are the conflicting laws and policies, and the overlapping jurisdictions among government agencies. For instance, DA is mandated to ensure production of food and thus, requires coastal resources for the production of food. This sometimes leads to the conversion of mangrove forests into fishponds. The DENR on the other hand, is mandated to protect and manage the country’s resources, including the coastal resources such as mangroves, corals and seagrass. Thus, it is supposed to protect the mangrove resources. But while reversion of abandoned fishponds is mandated by law, the DENR is constrained to establish jurisdiction over these areas until these fishponds are formally turned over to DENR. There is also conflict in the exercise of fisherfolk rights to management of the coastal resources. While the law mandates the formation of FARMCs, their role is merely recommendatory, subject to the approval of the LGU and other policy makers. Members of FARMCs are all volunteers and can be constrained by lack of financial resources in carrying out their duties. The formation of fish wardens is also mandated by law. But, as narrated by fisherfolk groups, volunteers in bantay-dagat and bantay-laot are sometimes the ones slapped with court cases, instead of being assisted to help prosecute apprehended violators. Some have been killed in the performance of their duties. The delineation of the municipal waters was started by NAMRIA even prior to the implementation of the Fisheries Code. However, as of today (or 20 years after the Fisheries Code was legislated), only 67 (7.2 percent) out of the country’s 928 coastal municipalities have finalized the delineation of their municipal waters. While FMAs can still be established even without the delineated municipal waters, the delineation of municipal waters is important in order to designate those areas where municipal fishers have priority access. In spite of Section 108 of the Fisheries Code, there are still no clear guidelines on the establishment of fisherfolk settlement areas. Meanwhile, coastal lands continue to be converted into industrial uses, and public coastal lands continue to be titled, and fisherfolk are hit by stronger typhoons brought about by 100 Status of Land and Resource Tenure Reform in the Philippines 2018