Environ. Res. Lett. 12 (2017) 084019 [12] ExxonMobil Corp Understanding the #ExxonKnew ‘controversy’ (https://perma.cc/fgd5-mwcw) (Accessed: 28 July 2017) [13] Cohen K 2015 ExxonMobil’s commitment to climate science (https://perma.cc/gzs2-z232) [14] Cohen K 2015 When it comes to climate change, read the documents (https://perma.cc/533r-8pky) [15] ExxonMobil Corp 2015 ExxonMobil Contributed Publications (https://perma.cc/3QEV-KLFP) [16] ICN Documents InsideClimate News (https://perma.cc/ kcg8-m9zm) (Accessed: 28 July 2017) [17] Banerjee N, Song L, Hasemyer D, Cushman Jr J H 2015 Exxon: The road not taken InsideClimate News (https:// perma.cc/acy4-8nw5) [18] Jerving S, Jennings K, Hirsh M M and Rust S 2015 What Exxon knew about the Earth’s melting Arctic Los Angeles Times (https://perma.cc/na86-5pwh) [19] Brown C, Waltzer H and Waltzer M B 2001 Daring to be heard: advertorials by organized interests on the op-ed page of the New York Times, 1985–1998 Polit. Commun. 18 23–50 [20] Cooper C A and Nownes A J 2004 Money well spent? An experimental investigation of the effects of advertorials on citizen opinion Am. Polit. Res. 32 546–69 [21] Kollman K 1993 Outside Lobbying: Public Opinion and Interest Group Strategies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press) [22] Cook J, Nuccitelli D, Green S A, Richardson M, Painting R, Way R and Jacobs P 2013 Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature Environ. Res. Lett. 8 024024 [23] Oreskes N 2004 The scientific consensus on climate change Science 306 1686 [24] Krippendorff K 2012 Content Analysis—An Introduction to its Methodology (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE) [25] Neuendorf K A 2002 The Content Analysis Guidebook (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE) [26] Metag J 2016 Content analysis methods for assessing climate change communication and media portrayals Oxford Encyclopedia of Climate Change Communication ed M Nisbet, S Ho, E Markowitz, S O’Neill, M S Schäfer and J Thaker (New York: Oxford University Press) pp 1–34 (https://perma.cc/E7KZ-3BMF) [27] Feldman L, Maibach E W, Roser-Renouf C and Leiserowitz A 2012 Climate on cable: the nature and impact of global warming coverage on Fox News, CNN, and MSNBC Int. J. Press/Pol. 17 3–31 [28] Elsasser S W and Dunlap R E 2013 Leading voices in the denier choir: conservative columnists’ dismissal of global warming and denigration of climate science Am. Behav. Sci. 57 754–76 [29] Brown C and Waltzer H 2005 Every Thursday: advertorials by Mobil Oil on the op-ed page of The New York Times Public Relat. Rev. 31 197–208 [30] St. John B III 2014 The ‘creative confrontation’ of Herbert Schmertz: public relations sense making and the corporate persona Public Relat. Rev. 40 772–9 [31] St. John B III 2014 Conveying the sense-making corporate persona: The Mobil Oil ‘Observations’ columns, 1975– 1980 Public Relat. Rev. 40 692–9 [32] Crable R E and Vibbert S L 1983 Mobil’s epideictic advocacy: ‘Observations’ of Prometheus-bound Commun. Monogr. 50 380–94 [33] Murphree V and Aucoin J 2010 The energy crisis and the media: Mobil Oil Corporation’s debate with the media 1973–1983 Am. J. 27 7–30 (https://perma.cc/6L58TH2E) [34] Smith G L and Heath R L 1990 Moral appeals in Mobil Oil’s op-ed campaign Public Relat. Rev. 16 48–54 [35] Heath R L and Nelson R A 1986 Issues Management: Corporate Public Policymaking in an Information Society (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE) [36] Kerr R L 2005 Rights of Corporate Speech: Mobil Oil and the Legal Development of the Voice of Big Business (El Paso, TX: LFB Scholarly Publishing) 16 [37] Achakulwisut P, Scandella B, Supran G and Voss B 2016 Ending ExxonMobil sponsorship of the American Geophysical Union!How ExxonMobil’s past and present climate misinformation violates the AGU’s Organizational Support Policy and scientific integrity (https://perma.cc/ PBN7-V59J) [38] Union of Concerned Scientists 2007 Smoke, Mirrors & Hot Air!How ExxonMobil Uses Big Tobacco’s Tactics to Manufacture Uncertainty on Climate Science (https:// perma.cc/64RJ-8SBZ) [39] Coll S 2012 Private Empire: ExxonMobil and American Power (London: Penguin Books) [40] Cook J et al 2016 Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming Environ. Res. Lett. 11 048002 [41] Jacques P J, Dunlap R E and Freeman M 2008 The organisation of denial: conservative think tanks and environmental scepticism Environ. Polit. 17 349–85 [42] Oreskes N and Conway E M 2010 Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming (New York: Bloomsbury Press) [43] McCright A M and Dunlap R E 2000 Challenging global warming as a social problem: an analysis of the conservative movement’s counter-claims Soc. Probl. 47 499–522 [44] McCright A M and Dunlap R E 2003 Defeating Kyoto: the conservative movement’s impact on US climate change policy Soc. Probl. 50 348–73 [45] Lahsen M 2005 Technocracy, democracy, and US climate policitics: the need for demarcations Sci. Technol. Hum. Values 30 137–69 [46] Gelbspan R 1997 The Heat is On (Reading, MA: AddisonWesley Publishing) [47] Brulle R J 2013 Institutionalizing delay: foundation funding and the creation of US climate change countermovement organizations Clim. Change 122 681–94 [48] Gelbspan R 2004 Boiling Point (New York: Basic Books) [49] Schlichting I 2014 Consumer campaigns in corporate public affairs management—the case of climate change and the German energy industry J. Commun. Manage 18 402–21 [50] Manheim J B 2010 Strategy in Information and Influence Campaigns: How Policy Advocates, Social Movements, Insurgent Groups, Corporations, Governments and Others Get What They Want (Abingdon: Routledge) [51] Brandt A 2007 The Cigarette Century: the Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America (New York: Basic Books) [52] Michaels D and Monforton C 2005 Manufacturing uncertainty: contested science and the protection of the public’s health and environment Public Health Matters 95 39–48 [53] Michaels D and Monforton C 2005 Scientific evidence in the regulatory system: manufacturing uncertainty and the demise of the formal regulatory system J. Law Policy 13 17–41 (https://perma.cc/3Q4A-GM7G) [54] McGarity T O and Wagner W E 2012 Bending Science: How Special Interests Corrupt Public Health Research (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press) [55] Layzer J 2007 Deep freeze: how business has shaped the global warming debate in Congress Business and Environmental Policy: Corporate Interests in the American Political System ed M E Kraft and S Kamieniecki (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press) pp 93–125 [56] Banning M E 2009 When poststructural theory and contemporary politics collide—the vexed case of global warming Commun. Crit. Stud. 6 285–304 [57] Freudenburg W R, Gramling R and Davidson D J 2008 Scientific Certainty Argumentation Methods (SCAMs): science and the politics of doubt Sociol. Inq. 78 2–38 [58] Proctor R N and Schiebinger L 2008 Agnotology—The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press)