Figure 1: Concentric approach Documented deaths caused by use of weapons or other means and methods 1. Civilians* 2. Other persons killed (“direct”) [casualty recording] Estimation of undocumented deaths caused by use of weapons or other means and methods (“direct”) [statistical estimates/surveys] Estimation of all deaths caused by use of weapons or other means, methods or factors (excess mortality) (“direct/indirect”) [statistical estimates/surveys] *A number of existing sources on conflict-related deaths are currently only reporting on civilian casualties in order to advocate for and support protection and accountability efforts, such as UNAMA.20 Documented direct deaths Case-specific data For counting documented direct deaths, information collected on an individual death directly related to the armed conflict will be used. This approach serves as a check against double counting, and ensures consistency and comparability across the range of contributing data providers. A data provider is responsible for recording a case of a death directly related to the armed conflict. For this purpose, the following analytical syntax would be useful: “Who did what to whom, when, where and why?” This translates into a basic list of verifiable data that altogether define the case (see, Table 1). 7