0%-<10% -0.744 10% - <20% -1.651 *** 0.566 FMR spending 0.001 *** 0.000 Irrigation spending on palay 0.032 *** 0.002 Urban 0.097 *** 0.028 Constant 7.355 *** 0.531 0.532 4.991 *** 0.155 Table 3. Volatility model, FIES 2009 2009 ln of income from farming Coef. Sig. Std. Err. ln of income from farming ln of food expenditure per capita Coef. Sig. Std. Err. 0.167 *** 0.016 Age of HH -0.005 *** 0.001 0.006 *** 0.000 Female Head -0.364 *** 0.033 0.128 *** 0.013 Elem undergraduate_2 -0.271 *** 0.043 0.111 *** 0.016 Elem graduate_3 -0.219 *** 0.045 0.170 *** 0.016 HS undergraduate _4 -0.243 *** 0.050 0.180 *** 0.018 HS graduate_5 -0.244 *** 0.050 0.250 *** 0.018 College undergraduate_6 -0.201 *** 0.060 0.295 *** 0.022 College graduate_7 -0.042 0.074 0.428 *** 0.026 Highest Educational Attainment of HH head No Grade HH with cash received from abroad -0.069 *** 0.027 0.139 *** 0.010 HH with strong construction materials of walls and roof 0.187 *** 0.023 0.047 *** 0.009 HH has safe water -0.139 *** 0.023 0.062 *** 0.008 HH with radio 0.132 *** 0.020 0.020 *** 0.008 HH with TV sets 0.078 *** 0.025 0.092 *** 0.009 HH with telephones 0.138 *** 0.023 0.024 *** 0.009 HH with cars 0.537 *** 0.055 0.152 *** 0.021 HH with motorcycles 0.189 *** 0.029 0.063 *** 0.011 HH with cash loan payments 0.123 *** 0.023 -0.013 . 0.008 HH with expenditure on insurance and premiums -0.195 *** 0.031 0.162 *** 0.012 CPI of food 1.538 *** 0.209 -0.016 *** 0.001 0.066 % change in volatility <-20% 0.014 <=2-0% - <-10% -0.016 -10% - <0% -0.014 * 0.007 0%-<10% 0.043 *** 0.012 0.015 CBMS-FAO | 55