available at http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/2006/08/08/PhilippinesUPIA.pdf. See also id., at 21 ("Complications following an unsafe abortion can include retained pregnancy tissue, infection, hemorrhage, septic shock, anemia, abdominal injury (including uterine perforation), cervical or bowel damage, and toxic reactions to chemicals or drugs used to induce the abortion. Over the long term, such complications may lead to chronic problems such as pelvic infection, which increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy and infertility. In the most extreme cases, women can die from complications"); CENTER FOR REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS, FORSAKEN LIVES, supra note 20, at 14. 122 Singh, CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES, supra note 121, at 22. 123 Sheila Crisostomo, RH to help stop rise in abortion cases – DOH, THE PHILIPPINE STAR (Mar. 7, 2014), http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/03/07/1298062/rh-help-stop-rise-abortion-cases-doh. 124 CEDAW Committee, Concluding Observations: Philippines, supra note 5, para. 28. 125 CENTER FOR REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS, FORSAKEN LIVES, supra note 20, at 55 (citing Metro Manila-based NGO, Interview with Gina, Metro Manila (Jan. 29, 2009) ("I was left alone lying there, wondering when they would attend to me…. My back was totally soaked in blood. Yet, nobody came to my aid.")); Center for Reproductive Rights, Documentation Report, Focus Group Discussion on Post-Abortion Care, Profile of Angel (May 27, 2014) [hereinafter FGD Report] (copy on file with the Center) ("the hospital staff, humiliated her in front of other patients in the Emergency Room, shouting at the top of her voice, calling her mamamatay-baby (baby murderer) … she was made to wait in the Operating Room which lasted for 24 hours"); FGD Report, Profile of Beth ("Beth had a traumatic experience because she was not taken care of by the nurses and she almost died.") 126 CENTER FOR REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS, FORSAKEN LIVES, supra note 20, at 56 (citing Christy Marfil, counsellor at the Institute for Social Studies and Action, Interview with Jess, Quezon City (Mar. 20, 2009) ("Many women who go to public hospitals are actually ridiculed and not treated as soon as they come in bleeding. The hospital staff believe that they are supposed to give the women a “lesson” by threatening her [with police or media exposure] or making her wait for her turn or not providing immediate action even if the woman is all blood[y] and shaking from infections.")); FGD Report, supra note 125, Profile of Alice ("When she reached the hospital, she was not given immediate medical attention because the hospital staff wanted her to admit first that she had an abortion."); Profile of Nely ("She pleaded that she be given medical attention but the doctors ignored her pleas. Every time she pleaded, they would ask her to admit what really happened and continued to ignore her when they failed to get her to admit that she had an abortion.") 127 FGD Report, supra note 125, Profile of Kathleen ("She stayed at the hospital for almost two hours but she was not admitted. The hospital staff told her "baka madamay ang hospital" (the hospital may face liability)."); Profile of Medy ("She was asked to divulge what drug she took and to admit that she had an abortion, otherwise, they threatened not to admit her at the hospital and to file criminal charges against her."); Profile of Diane (who was refused medical treatment to remove the remaining products of conception at three separate hospitals). 128 WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION (WHO), MODEL LIST OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES, 19TH LIST (Apr. 2015), sec. 22.1, at 38. 129 BFAD Advisory 2002-02. Misoprostol (Cytotec): Unregistered Drug Product, Food and Drug Administration Philippines (FDA), http://www.fda.gov.ph/advisories/pharmaceutical/38928-bfad-advisory-no-02-02s (last visited Oct. 14, 2015) [hereinafter BFAD Advisory 2002-02] (The circular has not been withdrawn and is still effective). See also WHO, Expert Opinion on House Bill 4643 on Abortive Substances and Devices in the Philippines (Nov. 7, 2006) (Misoprostol, a prostaglandin, can be used for other lifesaving purposes such as therapeutic abortion in cases of missed abortion, intrauterine fetal death, and severe eclampsia, and cervical ripening prior to obstetrical/gynecological procedures such as therapeutic curettage and insertion of intrauterine devices.). 130 The FDA was then known as the Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD). 131 BFAD Advisory 2002-02, supra note 129. 132 See Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, Rep. Act No. 3720 (1963) (Phil.); Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Act of 2009, Rep. Act No. 9711 (2009) (Phil.). The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, sec. 12, as amended by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Act of 2009, provides for imprisonment of one to ten years, fines of up to 500,000 pesos, or both. 133 RPRHA, supra note 8, secs. 4(c), 4(d), 5; IRR, supra note 10, sec. 3.01(y). 134 CEDAW Committee, General Recommendation No. 28 on the core obligations of States parties under article 2 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, paras. 33-34, U.N. Doc. CEDAW/C/GC/28 (2010) (In respect of article 2(c) of the Convention, States parties must ensure that courts apply the principle of equality in line with the obligations in the Convention, and women have recourse to affordable, accessible and timely remedies (with legal aid and assistance as necessary); CEDAW Committee, Gen. Recommendation No. 24, supra note 60, para. 13, (In respect of article 12 of the Convention, States parties must ensure that legislation, executive action and policy comply with their obligations as regards equal access to health care and to ensure effective judicial action.). 135 CEDAW Committee, Inquiry Report, supra note 4, paras. 20, 44─45. 136 Id., para. 51 (j). 137 Id., para. 52 (e), (g). 15