135 Formulated within the context of the Philippines’ sustainable development goals, it considered governance and institutional factors that may limit the country’s capacity to respond to climate change.580 It identified climate change impacts and vulnerabilities and set key result areas to be pursued in climate-sensitive sectors through adaptation and mitigation strategies. The NFSCC mitigation pillar relies on “pursuing cost-effective measures to reduce GHG emissions, including increased energy efficiency and conservation, development and increased utilization of appropriate low carbon and renewable energy technologies, and reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation.”581 However, mitigation is treated as a function of adaptation582 and more emphasis is given on adaptation due to the “country’s geophysical and socio-economic characteristics,” and the “risks associated with current climate variability and extremes.”583 A year after the NFSCC was signed, its framework and guiding principles were translated into the NCCAP. The NCCAP outlined the country’s strategic direction for adaptation and mitigation from 2011 to 2028. It laid down the government’s short-, medium- and long-term plans and expected outputs in the seven thematic areas of food security, water security, ecological and environmental stability, human security, climate smart industries and services, sustainable energy, and knowledge and capacity development.584 Six of the seven NCCAP priority areas are focused on adaptation. The NCCAP also highlighted the convergence between adaptation and disaster risk reduction and management. In 2010, the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act585 was passed. The law provides for an “approach that is holistic, comprehensive, integrated, and proactive in lessening the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of disasters including climate change, and promote the involvement and participation of all sectors and all stakeholders concerned, at all levels, especially the local community.”586 Notable in the law is the mainstreaming of 580 Id. at 17 (Philippine Climate Change Framework). 581 Id. at 20 (The Mitigation Pillar, para. 2). 582 Id. at 17 (Philippine Climate Change Framework). 583 Id. at 27 (The Adaptation Pillar, para. 1). 584 Republic of the Philippines Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Communicated to the UNFCCC on October 2015, at 3, available at https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/submissions/INDC/ Published%20Documents/Philippines/1/Philippines%20-%20Final%20INDC%20submission.pdf. 585 An Act Strengthening the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System, Providing For the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework and Institutionalizing the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan, Appropriating Funds Therefor and for Other Purposes [Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010], Republic Act No. 10121 (2010). 586 Id. § 2 (d).