68 the risk of environmental harm to other States.331 This rule is equally applicable in the context of human rights and has been widely discussed and relied on by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights to explain jurisdiction in matters involving cross-border damages. Indeed, it advances that States have a general obligation to ensure that activities within their territory do not cause damage to the environment of another State and relates this concept to the general duty of States to protect human rights. It logically follows that States are obliged to act if activities in their territory cause serious human rights violations in the territory of another State.332 The Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Responsibilities of States in the Field of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (“Maastricht Principles”)333 address any potential confusion regarding a State’s extraterritorial jurisdiction. The Maastricht Principles are based on two main concepts that serve as primary guides in extraterritorial human rights obligations. These are: 1. That international human rights law requires that States must ensure that they respect, protect, and fulfill rights when conducting themselves in a way that has real and foreseeable effects on human rights beyond borders;334 and 2. That international law, particularly in economic, social, and cultural rights, demands States to realize rights extraterritorially through “international assistance and cooperation.335 Finding its basis on varied sources of international human rights law336 and evolving international human rights jurisprudence recognizing exceptions to the territoriality aspect of jurisdiction under international law,337 the Maastricht Principles provide that a 331 Ian Brownlie in Principles of Public International Law, 7th ed., 2008, pp.275-285; Patricia Birnie, Alan Boyle and Catherine Redgwell in: International Law and the Environment, 3rd ed., Oxford 2009, pp.143-152 (citing 332 Krajewski (2018), supra note 310. 333 ETO Consortium, Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (2013), available at https://www.etoconsortium.org/ nc/en/main-navigation/library/maastricht-principles/?tx_drblob_pi1%5BdownloadUid%5D=23 [hereinafter Maastricht Principles]. 334 Margot E. Salomon & Ian Seiderman, Human Rights Norms for a Globalized World: The Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the Area of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, 3 Glob. Policy 458 (2012) [hereinafter Salomon & Seiderman (2012)]. 335 Id. 336 Maastricht Principles, supra note 333 (General Principle No. 6). 337 Salomon & Seiderman (2012), supra note 332.