Nevertheless, the CESCR has yet to specifically define the notion of an adequate standard of living, leaving to States a certain margin of appreciation in its concrete definition and application. Some suggest that the right to an adequate standard of living should encompass the “basic needs” of an individual, which have been defined as follows: First, they include certain minimum requirements of a family for private consumption: adequate food, shelter and clothing, as well as certain household equipment and furniture. Second, they include essential services provided by and for the community at large, such as safe drinking water, sanitation, public transport and health, educational and cultural facilities.188 In this way, the right to an adequate standard of living may be interpreted so as to address concerns that do not fall under the ambit of other Covenant rights. The Right to Adequate Food The right to adequate food is protected by virtue of Article 11(1) of the ICESCR as an element of the right to an adequate standard of living. It is also explicitly mentioned under the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), as well as implied in provisions on an adequate standard of living in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD).189 In addition, Article 11(2) of the ICESCR enshrines the right to be free from hunger and malnutrition. Freedom from hunger implies a right to freedom from starvation. It is thus intimately connected to the right to life and, for this reason, it is the only right in the ICESCR to be termed “fundamental.” The right to be free from hunger requires States to take necessary action to alleviate hunger, even in times of disaster.190 The right to adequate food on the other hand is a broader concept, which extends beyond basic needs for survival. The CESCR has affirmed that the right to adequate food “is indivisibly linked to the inherent dignity of the human person and is indispensable for the fulfilment of other human rights.”191 The CESCR has also recognised the inter-dependence between the right to food and the environment, stating that the right to adequate food requires “the adoption of appropriate economic, environmental and social policies, at both the national and international levels, oriented to the eradication of poverty and the fulfilment of all human rights for all.”192 The CESCR has specified that the full realization of the right to adequate food entails that “every man, woman and child, alone or in community with others, has physical and economic access at all times to adequate food or means for its procurement.”193 In this regard, the CESCR has insisted on the importance of four related notions – availability, adequacy, accessibility and sustainability – defining the core content of the right to adequate food as implying the availability of adequate food194 accessible to all individuals under the jurisdiction of a State.195 55

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