arises from a global standard of expected conduct that is often reflected in national laws and regulations.58 The Guiding Principles set forth a number of foundational and operational principles concerning the corporate responsibility to respect human rights. Specifically, foundational Principles 11 and 12 are relevant to the Carbon Majors and the impacts of their global operations: Foundational Principle 11: Business enterprises should respect human rights. This means that they should avoid infringing on the human rights of others and should address adverse human rights impacts with which they are involved; and Foundational Principle 12: The responsibility of business enterprises to respect human rights refers to internationally recognized human rights.59 These Principles recognize that the corporate responsibility to respect human rights applies to virtually the entire spectrum of internationally recognized human rights, including those expressed in the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the main instruments through which it has been codified: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, coupled with the principles concerning fundamental rights in the eight ILO core conventions as set out in the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work.”60 As discussed in the Interpretive Guide, all businesses must not only comply with national laws and regulations incorporating international human rights standards, but also with a global standard of conduct: In many cases the responsibility of enterprises to respect human rights is reflected at least in part in domestic law or regulations corresponding to international human rights standards….The responsibility to respect human rights is not, however, limited to compliance with such domestic law provisions. It exists over and above legal compliance, constituting a global standard of expected conduct applicable to all businesses in all situations. It therefore also exists independently of an enterprise’s own commitments for human rights.61 Corporate responsibility to respect human rights is also recognized when cases of violation of the environmental rights are allowed to be brought aginst corporate entities, among                                                                                                                         58 Guiding Principles, supra note 24, at principle 11 at 13. See Sharan Burrow, Sharan Burrow’s Speech to the 2014 United Nations Forum on Business and Human Rights, Dec 2, 2014, http://www.ituc-csi.org/sharan-burrow-sspeech-to-the-2014?lang=en (last accessed June 16, 2015). 59 Guiding Principles, supra note 24, at principles 11-12 at 13-14.. 60 Id. at 14. 61 Interpretive Guide, supra note 25, at 13-14. .             18