15 The National Petroleum Council is an advisory committee which represents the views of the oil and gas industry before the United States Secretary of Energy. It has 213 members, representing every segment of the oil and gas industry, together with the electric industry and other large purchasers of fossil fuels, a small number of non-profit organizations, and a handful of representatives from oil and gas producing states. The NPC was the body through which the industry submitted the 1972 report Environmental Conservation: The Oil and Gas Industries (Volume Two), which dismissed the risks of climate change despite explicitly referencing industry-funded research which provided a greater warning of those risks. BP, Chevron, ConocoPhilips, Eni, ExxonMobil, Marathon Oil, Murphy Oil, Occidental Petroleum, Philips66, Repsol, Shell Oil and Total are all current members of the NPC. The Global Climate Coalition (GCC) was a group of approximately 40 companies and industry associations representing an array of industries responsible for substantial production or combustion of fossil fuels in various forms. From its creation in 1989 through its dissolution in 2002, the GCC campaigned actively to oppose climate action at the US and international levels, and to cast doubt on mainstream climate science among consumers, policymakers and the general public. GCC’s operations coincided with the critical window during which the first global agreements were being negotiated and targets set in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol. Members included API, Amoco, ARCO, BHP Billiton, BP, Chevron, Exxon, Mobil, and Shell, among others. After successfully convincing the Bush Administration to reject the Kyoto Protocol in 2002, the GCC disbanded, with Shell and BP having left the coalition a few years prior. These are only a few of the many routes through which fossil fuel producers shared information and collaborated on issues of common concerns. Others include the American Association of Petroleum Geologists and the World Petroleum Congress, through which new scientific and technical research were shared widely and in more structured format; the American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers (AFPM), which lobbies, campaigns and vigorously litigates on behalf of industry interests; the US Chamber of Commerce, whose positions and vocal advocacy on climate change issues were long dominated by fossil fuel interests; and a wide array of industry oriented think tanks and front groups with which and through which fossil fuel companies coordinate for decades to promote industry messages and agendas on climate science and policy worldwide. Q19: What did the fossil fuel industry and companies know about climate change? When did they know it? A19: As a general matter, and as discussed in Answer 17 above, the fossil fuel industry can and should be presumed to be fully aware of the state of the science relevant to their products at all relevant times.