PART III Additional investment in flood protection will be needed to address the impacts of rising sea levels and increased precipitation in Manila, the capital city of the Phillipines. Implementation Assessment The parties to the UNFCCC have taken many important steps, both individually and jointly, to address the causes and impacts of climate change. However, it appears that there is still a need to mainstream human rights considerations into the decisions of individual countries, the COP and the UNFCCC’s various arms and mechanisms, and to undertake additional measures to address the effect of climate change on human rights. This section will briefly evaluate the adequacy of national and international responses in six contexts: (1) formal recognition of the human rights-climate change nexus in national communications; (2) mitigation actions and commitments; (3) adaptation actions and commitments; (4) financial assistance to developing countries; (5) respect for procedural rights in climate policy and planning; and (6) safeguards in international climate finance mechanisms. 3.1 Human Rights and Climate Change in National Communications As of Oct. 5, 2015, 119 INDCs had been submitted, covering 146 countries.208 Among these, • 14 discussed the linkages between climate change and human rights.209 • 48 discussed gender equality, mainstreaming, and empowerment.210 208 Center for International Environmental Law, Briefing Note: Human Rights and the 2015 Climate Commitments (November 2015), available at www.ciel. org. 209 These countries include: Brazil, Chad, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Georgia, Guatemala, Honduras, Malawi, Marshall Islands, Mexico, Morocco, Philippines, Zimbabwe. Id. 210 These countries include: Barbados, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Rep, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Rep., DR Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Georgia, Guatemala, Guinea, Haiti, Honduras, India, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Myanmar, Niger, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Swaziland, Tajikistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Id. 30 I M P L E M E N TAT I O N A S S E S S M E N T AusAID (2012) CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMAN RIGHTS