74 Gender Matters the workplace: studies on the effects of call center work on women” and; “Recommendations.” The over-all intention of this study is to contribute to earlier works (see for example, Belt et al. 2002; Patel 2010) that aim to provide a gender dimension to research on global call centers. Call Centers and BPO’s: An Overview Call centers and BPOs are segments of a large subsector, the information technology-enabled services (IT-ES). The globalized capitalism of today is fueled by the new information and communication technologies (ICTs). Transnational corporations (TNCs) are now able to operate with great efficiency and reap unprecedented profits because ICTs make it possible for them to conduct business anywhere without the boundaries of time and space (Cabrera-Balleza 2005). ICT advances, principally in broadbanding, have made possible and profitable the global outsourcing of back-office business solutions, programming services and customer assistance to TNCs and their clients in North America, Europe and elsewhere on a 7-24 basis (Amante 2008). The most common forms of outsourcing of operations are information technology outsourcing (ITO) and business process outsourcing (BPO). BPO encompasses call center outsourcing, human resource outsourcing, finance and accounting outsourcing and claims processing outsourcing (San Jose 2007). The BPO industry has “non-voice” and “voice” sectors. The non-voice includes data encoding, database development, market research, handling of credit and billing problems, loan processing, account management, data search, architectural blueprints, and other business-related activities (Ofreneo et al. 2007). The focus of this study is on the “voice” sector, more commonly known as call center. However, since many of the earlier studies use BPO and call center interchangeably, or use BPO in a broad sense when describing the working conditions of workers, the term “BPO” may sometimes be used to denote “call center.” The voice sector is often interchangeably referred to as the “call center industry,” “contact center industry” or “customer service