Memorandum for the Petitioners | 54 human impacts of using fossil fuel products, and delayed meaningful actions 5.83. While the public was waking up to the risks of climate change with the establishment of the IPCC at the end of the 1980s, the fossil fuel industry embarked on a long and massive campaign to manufacture doubt about climate science and solutions. 1. Fossil fuel industry associations, such as the Global Climate Coalition, effectively action 5.84. In 1989, forty (40) undermined companies, climate including respondents BHP Billiton, BP, Chevron, ExxonMobil, and Shell, and industry associations, such as API and the National Association of Manufacturers, created or were members of the Global Climate Coalition (GCC).?" It is important to note that respondents BP and Shell withdrew from the coalition only in the late 1990s.?!4 5.85. The GCC “campaigned actively to oppose climate action at the US and international levels, and to cast doubt on mainstream climate science among consumers, policymakers, and the general public.” 7!5 For example, following the publication of the LPCC Second Assessment Report (IPCC AR2), GCC produced a backgrounder with an overview of the coalition’s stance on climate change in 1996. In line with its objective to sow confusion, the overview states: The GCC believes there is no convincing evidence that future increases in the greenhouse gas concentrations will produce significant climatic effects. Such evidence necessarily must be based on projections produced by climate models. The IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR) has highlighted a large number of inadequacies in the current climate models which raises serious doubts about the credibility of current climate change scenarios, and therefore the policy-relevance of impact projects to policymakers. 2!6 213 Muffet, C., supra note 141, p. 15. 214 Brown, L. R. (25 July 2000), The Rise and Fall of the Global Climate Coalition, Earth Policy Institute, available at www.earth-policy.org/mobile/releases/alert6 (last accessed 12 September 2019). A Shell employee explained that the reason the company left GCC was that they “didn’t want to fall into the same trap as the tobacco companies who have become trapped in all their lies.” Rich, N. (2019), Losing Earth: A Recent History, MCD, p. 186. 215 Muffet, C., supra note 141, p. 15. 2161996 Global Climate Coalition: An Overview and Attached Reports, p. 2, available at http://www.climatefiles.com/denial-groups/global-climate-coalition-collection/1996-global-climatecoalition-overview/ (last accessed on 12 September 2019).