Memorandum for the Petitioners | 41 would not have happened without global warming, because otherwise the event would have been well within previous experience,”'*? and so the cost might be wholly or partially assigned.!*° 5.35. A more detailed discussion on the extreme event attribution studies and the source attribution studies are contained in sections (Sections C and D of Part VIH on Arguments and Discussion). D. Respondent Carbon Majors’ knowledge of climate risks and actions and/or inactions in light of foreseeable climate harms 5.36. As shown above, respondent Carbon Majors contributed a substantial amount to atmospheric GHGs causing anthropogenic climate change. Critically, the contributions by fossil fuel companies, many of which are respondents herein, were consciously made. There is evidence that many of the respondent Carbon Majors, and the fossil fuel industry as a whole, knew that: (1) fossil fuels produced CO2 when burned; (2) fossil fuels products would be burned when used as intended; and (3) if fossil fuel consumption continued, there would be potentially catastrophic changes to the climate and harms to people and ecosystems. 5.37. While the National Inquiry was not able to obtain evidence for each individual respondent’s prior knowledge and action, this section summarizes the documentary evidence now on record of leading companies’ (oil companies in particular) and industry associations’ early knowledge of climate risks and involvement in efforts to undermine climate science and solutions. All of the respondent fossil fuel companies “can be presumed to be aware of climate relevant information being discussed, investigated and communicated on by relevant industry associations and professional associations.” !4! 5.38. At any rate, petitioners have shown by conclusive evidence that the fossil fuel industry had early awareness, notice, and knowledge of potential and real harms posed by climate change. A number of experts provided documentary and testimonial pieces of evidence on this matter during the course of the National Inquiry.' 89 Trenberth, K., Amicus Curiae Declaration, supra note 44. 140 Ibid. ‘41 Exhibit “GGGGG” to “GGGGG-35,” Profile and Statement of Carroll Muffet, dated 20 August 2018, p. 13. '42 Some of these experts are: Andrew Grant (Carbon Tracker Initiative), Brenda Ekwurzel (Union of Concemed Scientists), Carroll Muffett (Center for International Environmental Law), Dylan Tanner (InfluenceMap), Geoffrey Supran (joint postdoctoral researcher at MIT and Harvard), Henry Shue (Oxford University and Centre for International Studies), Kert Davies (Climate Investigations Center), Lisa Anne Hamilton (Center for International Environmental Law), Mark Campanale (Carbon Tracker Initiative), Paul