Memorandum for the Petitioners | 37 land conditions, including heat related events such as heat waves (high confidence)'!* and heavy precipitation events.''” 5.22.4. The CQ» emissions from deforestation, human-induced fires, and logging remain high. The 2019 IPCC SRCCL estimates that gross emissions from land use and landuse change (mostly from deforestation and logging) during 2007- 2016 were almost 20 GtCO2 annually.!"8 5.22.5. “Climate change has already affected food security due to warming, changing precipitation patterns, and greater frequency of some extreme events.”!? In many lower- latitude regions, yields of some crops (e.g., maize and wheat) have declined. Agricultural pests and diseases have already responded to climate change resulting in both increases and decreases of infestations.!”° 5.22.6. Climate change creates additional stresses on land, exacerbating existing risks to livelihoods, biodiversity, human and ecosystem health, infrastructure, and food systems (high confidence).'”! The stability of food supply is projected to decrease as the magnitude and frequency of extreme weather events that disrupt food chains increases.” 5.22.7. “Changes in climate can amplify environmentally induced migration both within countries and across borders.”!# events chains, may lead threatened Extreme weather and climate or slow-onset to increased livelihoods, stresses for conflict.!”4 displacement, and contribute disrupted food to exacerbated 5.22.8. Rapid reductions in GHG emissions across all sectors will reduce the negative impacts of climate change on land ecosystems and food systems. However, delaying climate "6 When the IPCC scientists use the terms ‘confidence’ and ‘likelihood,’ each term has a different and very specific meaning relating to levels of certainty. When scientists mention ‘confidence,’ they are referring to the degree of confidence in being correct. In the case of the IPCC where scientists are analyzing global climate, issues such as lack of observational data in certain regions, such as Africa, will affect scientists’ confidence in their findings. When scientists mention ‘likelihood’ they are referring to the probability of an event or outcome occurring. See Australian Government Department of the Environment Confidence and Likelihood IPCC Fifth Assessment Report Fact Sheet, available at https://www.environment.gov.au (last accessed on 12 September 2019). "7 IPCC 2019, Summary for Policymakers: Climate Change and Land, supra note 111, Sec. A4.2., p. 12. "8 Id. Sec. A3.1., p. 7. "9 Id. Sec.A2.8, p.7. 120 Id. 21 Id, Sec. A5, p. 15. 122 I. Sec. A5.4, p. 16. 123 Id. Sec. A5.4, p. 16. 124 Td. Sec. AS.7., p. 17.