Memorandum for the Petitioners |123 Well it showed that it was straightforward to attribute some fraction of the observed increase in global temperature and global sea level to the emissions resulting from product sold by a well-defined group of individual companies. It gave a methodology for breaking down contributions. . . . XXX ATTY. MAYO-ANDA: Okay. Based on the attribution studies, what types of impacts are foreseeable in the Philippines and Southeast Asia, and what should the Philippines be prepared for? DR. ALLEN: ... There remains some continuing argument but there's also, of course, the simple impact of rising temperatures increasing the risk of heat waves. In very large urban areas, these risks can be further exacerbated by the feedback effects of the island in that affects and enhance the effect of a large scale warming, which of course make the health impacts doubly problematic. And air quality, the way climate change interacts with air quality is also particularly important for health. So these, I mean, are just some examples, from the top of my head, of impact that I know. A city like Manila would be particularly vulnerable, as a sort of mega city in the developing world, to those kinds of impacts.*8° (Emphasis supplied) 8.148. In sum, scientific studies like the ones by Soria et al. and event attribution studies by Takayabu et al. and by Miller et al. offer insights into how extreme weather events like super typhoon Haiyan (and Hurricane Sandy) were exacerbated by the human influence on the climate. In tum, source attribution studies like the UCS-led study further show that the respondent Carbon Majors, together and individually, have extracted, marketed, and sold a substantial percentage of the fossil fuels burned globally, releasing an immense amount of carbon pollution into the Earth’s atmosphere, which is currently interfering with the climatic system**! and resulting in impacts. 8.149. While attribution research continues to evolve and improve, the existing studies demonstrate that communities face foreseeable risks from the respondents’ past and continued contribution of GHGs, which in turn Furthermore, existing demands that preventative approach be taken. attribution studies can inform the Honorable Commission’s findings on the 580 Allen, M., TSN dated 6-7 November 2018, pp. 121-139, supra note 576. $81 See Exhibits “VVVV” to “VVVV-14” and Exhibit “H”; Also see Opinion and Order, United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island (22 July 2019), State of Rhode Island v. Chevron Corp., Case 1:18-cv-00395-WES-LDA, citing to complaint paras. 7, 12, 19, 97, supra note 26.