regulation of methane as well as the EPA’s New Source Performance Standards for oil and gas sector emissions. In 2017, API lobbied in favour of reconsidering previously agreed US vehicle emission standards for 2021-2025, which the Trump administration has since moved to roll back. The API has also funded research that calls into question the link between air pollution and health impacts that was subsequently used in 2018 by the automotive sector to support the case for weaker vehicle emission rules. In 2018, the API remained actively opposed to tax credits, mandates or subsidies to help incentivize electric vehicles. This includes directly lobbying the US House, the US Senate and a number of US State Governors calling on them to reject such policies. The API has also continually lobbied for the repeal or reform of US renewable fuel standards and has lobbied heavily in favour of measures that will help maintain a high GHG energy mix, for example, the removal of restrictions on unconventional oil and gas production, including in the Arctic. Climate Policy Score: F The American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers (AFPM) is negatively lobbying on a wide range of US climate policies. In 2015 AFPM criticized the ‘heavy burden’ emission reductions the Paris Agreement had placed on the U.S. public, and called into question their financial value. In 2018 AFPM argued that removing regulations on gas and oil production could lead to over a million new jobs and contribute billions of dollars to the US economy. In 2019, AFPM President and CEO Chet Thompson has stated: “We currently do not support, as a trade association, a carbon tax.” In 2018 the group strongly supported the Scalise-McKinley anti-carbon tax resolution introduced in Congress and has funded campaigns to oppose carbon tax policies in Washington State in both 2016 and 2018. AFPM appears strongly opposed to regulations to decarbonize the mobility sector, and has repeatedly criticized the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), describing it as “unworkable”, and a “broken program”. In December 2018, CEO Chet Thompson stated the organization “adamantly opposes EV subsidies and mandates”. In June 2018, AFPM called on the governors of eight states to reject subsidies for electric vehicles and zero emission vehicles. Similarly, AFPM has supported the repeal of California’s Zero Emission Vehicle mandate, and made the case in October 2018 that other states should not be allowed to adopt similar mandates. AFPM also appears to have run an extensive public campaign in 2018 to support the rollback of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards, and CEO Chet Thompson previously applauded the US federal government’s October 2018 decision to freeze the standards at 2020 levels until 2026. Climate Policy Score: E+ APPEA appears to recognize IPCC science, but has emphasized the need to balance climate action with competitiveness and growing energy demand. Shortly before COP24 in December 2018, APPEA stressed the need for policies which reduce emissions at “least cost.” APPEA has promoted the role of gas Australia’s energy mix, including as an alternative to coal. Whilst the group appears to support some energy regulation, APPEA Chief Executive, Dr. Malcolm Roberts, stated in December 2018 that an energy policy framework would work best by facilitating market innovation and investment. The organization has further qualified support for regulations by stating they should not affect national or regional competitiveness. In June 2018, APPEA stated its opposition to a recommendation to impose a financial penalty for non-compliance with the National Energy Guarantee (NEG). In February 2018 the organization attempted to have LNG manufactured for export made exempt from emissions requirements. APPEA has voiced its opposition to individual renewable energy targets at the State level in Australia, and in June 2018 proposed replacing these and lessening the role of the Renewable Energy Target with a “low-cost” NEG. The organization has lobbied 26 InfluenceMap March 2019