V. >> F ramework in Practice - Implementing and Monitoring Rights >> Using indicators for human rights education in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights sets a benchmark of 100 per cent on net primary enrolment ratios.4 Past values of indicators (trend analysis) and comparisons between populations with different characteristics (e.g., sex, age, ethnicity and income) or from different regions (e.g., province, district, urban and rural) also provide benchmarks. Targets adopted by States, individually or collectively (e.g., MDG Box 26 targets), and standards promoted by other national or international stakeholders (e.g., World Health Organization’s guidance on minimum numbers of medical personnel or United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s guidance on pupil-teacher ratio) also provide benchmarks. Benchmarks could also be set through a national participatory process, where different stakeholders, including CSOs, are consulted by the duty bearer before committing itself to specific targets. Recommendations of United Nations human rights mechanisms - a key reference in the process of identifying relevant structural, process and outcome indicators Structural indicator Process indicator Outcome indicator The Committee [on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights] urges the State party to ensure the implementation of the law on sexual and reproductive health in all provinces and guarantee affordable access for everyone, especially adolescents, to comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education and services, with a view to, inter alia, addressing the high maternal mortality rate (E/C.12/ARG/CO/3, para. 22). Structural indicator Process indicator Outcome indicator The Committee [on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women] urges the State party to do its utmost to ensure the equal participation of women in public affairs, (…) and to establish concrete targets to accelerate the increase of women’s political representation, with the use of time frames or increased quotas. It also recommends that the State party continue to undertake awareness-raising campaigns about the importance of women’s participation in decision-making at all levels (CEDAW/C/ARE/CO/1, para. 31). 4. Gross enrolment ratio is the total enrolment in a given level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population for that level. Net enrolment ratio is the number of school-age children who are enrolled in a given level of education as a percentage of the total children of that age. 106 Human Rights Indicators