Separate Concurring Opinion 33 G.R. No. 224469 VI Two (2) additional modes of acquiring ownership were introduced when IPRA was enacted. ICC/IPs may now apply for a CADT or Certificate of Ancestral Land Title for their ancestral domain or ancestral land, respectively: 165 a) Ancestral Dom{J,ins , - Subject to Section 56 hereof, refer to all areas generally belonging to ICCs/IPs comprising lands, inland waters, coastal areas, and natural resources therein, held under a claim of ownership, occupied or possessed by ICCs/IPs, by themselves or through their ancestors, communally or individually since time immemorial, continuously to the present except when interrupted by war, force majeure or displacement by force, deceit, stealth or as a consequence of government projects or any other voluntary dealings entered into by government and private individuals/corporations, and which are necessary to ensure their economic, social and cultural welfare. It shall include ancestral lands, forests, pasture, residential, agricultural, and other lands individually owned whether alienable and disposable or otherwise, hunting grounds, burial grounds, worship areas, bodies of water, mineral and other natural resources, and lands which may no longer be exclusively occupied by ICCs/IPs but frnm which they traditionally had access to for their subsistence and traditional activities, particularly the home ranges of ICCs/IPs who are still nomadic and/or shifting cultivators; b) Ancestral Lands - Subject to Section 56 hereof, refers to land occupied, possessed and utilized by individuals, families and clans who are members of tlie IC'Cs/IPs since time immemorial, by themselves or through their predecessors-in-interest, under claims of individual or traditional group ownership, continuously, to the present except when interrupted by war, force majeure or displacement by force, deceit, stealth, or as a consequence of government projects and other voluntary dealings entered into by government and private individuals/corporations, including, but not limited to, residential lots, rice terraces or paddies, private forests, swidden farms and tree lots[.]" 166 The new modes of acqmrmg ownership introduced by IPRA constitute different kinds of ownership which should not be confused with the concept of ownership under the New Civil Code or the official national legal system. 167 The concept of ownership under the New Civil Code 1s explained as follows: Ownership under the New Civil Code is defined under Articles 427 and 428. It is understood as either: " ... the independent and general power of a person over a thing for purposes recognized by law and within limits established thereby," or "a relation in private law by virtue of which a thing pertaining to one person is completely subjected to his will in everything not prohibited by public law or the concurrence with the rights 165 166 167 Id. at 176-177. REP. ACT No. 8371, sec. 3 (a) and (b). Marvic M.V.F. Leonen, Human Rights and Indigenous Peoples: An Overview of Recent Developments in Policy, 1998 PHIL. PEACE&HUM. RTS. REV. 159, 178 (1998). ~-; (} )<