32 36 37 38 39 40 41 C E N T E R F O R I N T E R N AT I O N A L E N V I R O N M E N TA L L AW the Ground, 41 Phil. Mag. and J. of Sci. 237 (1896), available at http://patarnott.com/ atms749/pdf/Arrhenius.pdf; Charles JJ Fox, On The Coefficients of Absorpotion of Nitrogen and Oxygen IX Distilled Water and Seawater, and of Atmospheric Carbonic Acid in Sea-Water 5 TRANSACTIONS OF THE FARADAY SOC’Y 68, 68 (1909), available at http://pubs.rsc.org/en/ content/articlelanding/1909/tf/ tf9090500068#!divAbstract (“The object of the present series of measurements was primarily the determination of the absorption coefficients of nitrogen, oxygen, and atmospheric carbonic acid in sea-water. These coefficients have of late years acquired some special significance, notably in connection with that group of physical problems of which Arrhenius’s work on the diatherinancy of the atmospheric gases, particularly carbonic acid, and its effect upon terrestrial temperatures, is typical, and again in connection with those matters of biological interest which are concerned with the dynamic processes of pelagic life.” (emphasis added)). See also Clark, supra note 34, at 49-50 (discussing the existence and debate over Arrhenius’ theory and stating “Both carbon dioxide and aqueous vapor serve as selective absorbents for the solar rays, and, by blanketing the earth, they help to avert excessive changes of temperature. On the physical side, and as regards carbon dioxide, this question has been discussed by S. Arrhenius, who argues that if the quantity of the gas in the atmosphere were increased about threefold, the mean temperature of the Arctic regions would rise 8° or 9°.”). See Guy S. Callendar, The Artificial Production of Carbon Dioxide and its Influence on Temperature, 64 Q. J. OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC’Y 223 (1938), available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ qj.49706427503/full. See id. See Google Scholar Search Results, https:// scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14959323493 014744928&as_ sdt=20005&sciodt=0,9&hl=en (search “The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature,” then click “Cited by”). See Giles Slocum, Has the Amount of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere Changed Significantly Since the Beginning of the Twentieth Century?, 83 MONTHLY WEATHER REV. 225 (1955), available at http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/ viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.173.1979&rep =rep1&type=pdf. See Hans E. Suess, Natural Radiocarbon and the Rate of Exchange of Carbon Dioxide Between the Atmosphere and the Sea, in NUCLEAR PROCESSES IN GEOLOGIC SETTINGS 52, 52 (1953), available at https://books.google.com/books?hl =en&lr=&id=RmMrAAAAYAAJ&oi=fnd&pg= PA52&ots=en6W_ zO0VE&sig=0PRe1KURGXwO_u1VKIl7AX uZUPA#v=onepage&q&f=false. See Hans E. Suess, Radiocarbon Concentration in Modern Wood, 122 SCIENCE 415 (1955), available at http://science.sciencemag.org/ content/122/3166/415.2. 42 See Roger Revelle & Hans E. Suess, Carbon Dioxide Exchange Between Atmosphere and Ocean and the Question of an Increase of Atmospheric CO2 during the Past Decades, 9 TELLUS 18 (1957), available at http://www. tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3402/tellusa. v9i1.9075?needAccess=true. 43 See id. 44 Id. at 19. 45 See H. R. Brannon et al., Radiocarbon Evidence on the Dilution of Atmospheric and Oceanic Carbon by Carbon from Fossil Fuels, 38 TRANSACTIONS AM. GEOPHYSICAL UNION 643 (1957), available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley. com/doi/10.1029/TR038i005p00643/full. 46 See id. at 643. 47 See id. at 649. 48 See Charles A. Jones, A Review of the Air Pollution Research Program of the Smoke and Fumes Committee of the American Petroleum Institute, 8 J. OF THE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ASS’N 268, 270 (1958), available at http:// www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00966 665.1958.10467854 (“a recently placed project concerns the collection and analysis of gaseous carbon compounds in the atmosphere to determine the amount of carbon of fossil origin by analysis of carbon 14 in relation to total carbon present”). 49 About WSPA, WESTERN STATES PETROLEUM ASS’N, https://www.wspa.org/about/. 50 About API, AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE, http://www.api.org/about#tab_history. 51 See Vance N. Jenkins, The Petroleum Industry Sponsors Air Pollution Research, 3 Air Repair 144, 146 (1954), available at http://www. tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00966665.1 954.10467615. 52 See Jones, supra note 48, at 267 (“Through the efforts of the Publications Committee, the dissemination of information has a prominent place in the Smoke and Fumes Committee program.”). 53 G. A. Lloyd, The Petroleum Industries’ Air Pollution Control Program, 11(1) J. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ASS’N 6, 8 (1961), available at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ pdf/10.1080/00022470.1961.10467967. 54 Id. 55 See id. 56 See Ann C. Bauer and Harry M. Cleaver, “Minority Report,” Campus Report Supplement (Stanford University Relations Office), No. 5 (April 14, 1969), available at http://la.utexas.edu/users/hcleaver/357L/ StanfordMinorityReport.html. 57 Id. 58 See Jenkins, supra note 51, at 146-47. 59 See Bauer & Cleaver, supra note 56. 60 See Jenkins, supra note 51, at 148. 61 See Jones, supra note 48, at 269. 62 See Jenkins, supra note 51, at 145. 63 Harold S. Johnston, “Atmospheric Chemistry Research at Berkeley” an oral history conducted in 1999 by Sally Smith Hughes, Ph.D., Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 2005, at 63, available at http://digitalassets.lib. berkeley.edu/roho/ucb/text/johnston_harold. pdf. 64 See id. 65 See id. 66 See Jenkins, supra note 51, at 147. 67 See Jones, supra note 48, 269-70. 68 See ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH: A STATUS REPORT, AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE 6 (1972), available at http://files.eric.ed.gov/ fulltext/ED066339.pdf. 69 Id. 70 See A. H. Glenn, Forecasting for the Offshore Oil Boom, 2 WEATHERWISE 6 (1949), available at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/ 00431672.1949.9925186?journalCode=vw ws20. 71 See A. H. Glenn, Economic Consideration of Certain Weather and Oceanographic Problems Arising in the Petroleum Industry 7 (1951), available at https://www.onepetro.org/ conference-paper/SPE-152-G. 72 See id. 73 See Herbert Riehl & Mercer H. Parks, Hurricane Formation in the Gulf of Mexico (1963), available at https://www.onepetro.org/ conference-paper/API-63-101. 74 See id. 75 See M. M. Patterson, An Ocean Data Gathering Program for the Gulf of Mexico (1969), available at https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/ SPE-2638-MS. 76 See id. 77 See HAROLD C. UREY ET AL., THE MEASUREMENT OF PALEOTEMPERATURES; SCIENTIFIC REPORT TO THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE, AND THE OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH (1950), available at https:// www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/4423471. 78 See H. R. Brannon et al., Humble Oil Company Radiocarbon Dates II, 125 SCI. 919 (1957), available at http://science.sciencemag.org/ content/125/3254/919. 79 See Carbon Dioxide May Contribute to Hurricanes, MADERA DAILY NEWS-TRIBUNE, Mar. 15, 1956, available at https://cdnc.ucr. edu/cgi-bin/ cdnc?a=d&d=MT19560315.2.19&e=-------en-20-MT-1--txt-txIN-carbon+dioxide+may+con tribute+to+hurricanes-------1. 80 See Lily Rothman, Scientists Have Known about Climate Change for a Lot Longer Than You May Think, TIME (Nov. 30, 2015), http://time. com/4122485/climate-change-history/. 81 See James F. Black & Barry L. Tarmy, The Use of Asphalt Coatings to Increase Rainfall, 2(5) J. OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY 557 (1963), available at http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/ pdf/10.1175/1520-0450(1963)002%3C0557 %3ATUOACT%3E2.0.CO%3B2; Cloud Formation and Subsequent Moisture Precipitation, U.S. Patent No. 3,409,220 (filed Mar. 26, 1965). 82 W.M. GRAY ET AL., WEATHER MODIFICATION BY CARBON DUST ABSORPTION OF SOLAR ENERGY. Colorado State Univ. Atmos. Science Paper No. 225 (July 1974); later summarized in 15 J. Applied Meteorology 355-385 (April 1976) avail. online at http://hurricane.atmos. colostate.edu/Includes/Documents/ Publications/grayetal1976.pdf. 83 Joseph Curray, Late Quaternary Sea Level: A Discussion, 72 GEOL. SOC. OF AMER. BULL. 1701-1712 (Nov. 1961), available at https:// www.smokeandfumes.org/documents/11.