and 14 organizations, implicating 47 carbon producers/fossil fuel companies, such as, Chevron, ExxonMobil, Total, BHP Billiton, Suncor, and Conoco Philips (Greenpeace, 2016). According to the CHR, from 21 of the 47 participants who have responded, only six have essentially admitted their contribution to increasing fossil fuel emission and cited programs they have initiated to mitigate the negative effects of their business operations. The other 15 companies have questioned CHR’s jurisdiction, saying that the Commission is encroaching on the sovereignty of their mother State; this is because most of these companies do not have local registration or counterparts in the Philippines (Canlas, personal interview, 10 March 2017). The issue of jurisdiction states that a country may apply criminal law to domestic companies for conduct abroad – that is, the principle of extraterritoriality (Global Witness, 2011). Recommendations to Further Mainstream the UNGP BHR in the Philippines The CHR has acknowledged that much is needed to fully adopt the UNGP on BHR in the Philippines. The many existing and overlapping laws related to business and human rights have caused more chaos than order. Thus, there is a need to undertake more studies to make these laws complementary, using the UNGP BHR as a synchronizing framework. According to Jesus Torres of the CHR, the Commission, alongside other stakeholders, should come together and develop a collaborative platform to minimize the adversarial handling of cases (Torres, personal interview, 9 March 2017). Also, it is important to establish the indicators that will be used in monitoring BHR to foster agreements and understanding in observing these guidelines. Along this direction, the following activities are recommended: r Convene a multi-stakeholder consultation upon the development of the National Action Plan for Business and Human Rights led by the Presidential Human Rights Committee; r Conduct workshops among stakeholders, particularly the vulnerable sectors to help them better understand their rights, the mechanisms, and options they have in dealing with investors/businesses; and, 78 Upholding Land Rights amidst the Land Rush