plantation companies engage in land clearing without a release permit from forest areas, with altered Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) documents, or with permits stating a different purpose than what is actually being undertaken in the field. In addition, many plantation companies also operate in areas outside their Land Use Rights Area or operate without Land Use Right. The acquisition of customary lands is often facilitated by corrupt practices such as bribing or coercion of village heads and community leaders. Police and military involvement A number of reports also found that many plantation companies have been engaging military and police personnel to secure their businesses. The justification for this involvement is Presidential Decree No. 63/2004 or the Security Measure for National Vital Objects. However, this decree lacks clarity, especially in terms of its source of its funding, how it will be monitored, and what standard operational procedures are involved. In addition, in some cases, the involvement of police and military is not clearly justified. As reported by media, there are a number of cases related to the lack of accountability in cases of police and military involvement in providing security to plantations companies (West Papua Daily, 2017; WALHI, 2018). Banks and financial institution involvement A growing concern over the impact of agribusiness activities led to the finding of indirect involvement of banks and financial institutions in the violation of human rights in the field. In 2017, Rainforest Foundation Norway (RFN) released a report on the complicity of Nordic financial institutions in the devastating environmental and rainforest destruction in Indonesia. The RFN revealed that about US $1.3 billion was invested by Norway’s largest banks in four Indonesian banks that finance palm oil companies allegedly involved in human rights violations, land conflicts, and environmental destruction (Rainforest Foundation Norway, 2017). Indonesian laws and policies related to land and agriculture Problems of land governance Article 33 (3) of the Indonesian Constitution and Article 2 (1) of the Basic Agrarian Law assert that earth and airspace are controlled by the State ANGOC and KPA 55