62 Discourse and Rape
features of context, the more likely s/he is to be able to predict what
is likely to be said.
Analysis: Rape Trial Discourse
This analysis explores how phrasal self-repetitions and
reformulation, embedded in a cross-examining defense lawyer’s
(DL’s) questions, are used as discourse strategies to proffer a
dominant rape myth which is “rape is easily fabricated.” These
repetitions and reformulation are strategically used by the crossexamining defense lawyer to emphasize his own version of an event,
which is in contrast with the complainant’s (NM’s) version stated
in her testimony during the direct examination. However, this kind
of discourse strategy in question-answer sequences provides a site
of resistance for the complainant. To illustrate these observations,
the linguistic forms and the pragmatic functions of the phrasal
self-repetitions and reformulation are described using Gricean
theory of meaning (implicatures) and speech act theory in order to
characterize events framed by both the lawyer and the complainant.
This discourse strategy is analysed further using the features/aspects
of context of situation, and evaluated in its socio-political context.
The analysis attempts to substantiate the argument that through
discursive practices of participants in the courtroom, a woman rape
complainant experiences secondary victimization because she is said
to have fabricated her testimony.
Questions and Questioning
Any discussion of questions and questioning needs to
distinguish between questions as a linguistic form and the various
social actions that are accomplished through this form (Koshik
2007). Questions are not only used to ask for new information.
They are also used to initiate repair on someone else’s prior talk, and
they likewise perform a variety of social actions such as invitations,
offers, complaints, and requests. They are utterances that may solicit
confirmation and even action. According to Freed and Ehrlich
(2010), questions are delivered in such a way as to create a slot for