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use are foregrounded because only through them can the linguistic
forms and meanings be realized. The analysis in this essay aims to
contextualize linguistic features and their functions in order to tackle
speaker meanings and intentions, and hearer’s inferences. In order to
address this aim, Grice’s (1975) conversational implicatures, Austin’s
(1962) and Searle’s (1969, 1975) Speech Act Theory, and Hymes’
(1962, 1984) theory of context serve to guide the analysis.
According to Grice (1975, 44), an implicature is a term used
to account for what a speaker can imply, mean, or suggest that is
distinct from what the speaker literally says. It is a part of speaker
meaning that constitutes an aspect of what is meant in a speaker’s
utterance without being part of what is said (in Horn 2004, 3).
What a speaker intends to communicate is far richer than what s/he
directly expresses. That is why, a speaker implicitly conveys her/his
message, uses pragmatic principles, and counts on a hearer to use the
same principles in order to interpret the utterance. In the Gricean
model, the bridge from what is said to what is interpreted is built
through implicature.
Implicatures which are conversational are built on the
premise that speech exchanges are connected to each other. These
speech exchanges are characteristically cooperative efforts; and each
participant recognizes a common purpose or sets of purposes in a
mutually accepted direction. The purpose or direction may be fixed
from the start or may evolve in due course (Grice 1975, 45). Speakerhearer meaning, according to Grice (1975, 45), is governed by the
Cooperative Principle (CP) which states: “Make your conversation
contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by
the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange.” Specifically,
this general principle is categorized into four maxims and their
submaxims: (1) Quality: Try to make your contribution one that
is true, (1a) Do not say what you believe to be false, (1b) Do not
say that for which you lack evidence; (2) Quantity, (2a) Make
your contribution as informative as is required, (2b) Do not make
your contribution more informative than is required; (3)Relation:
Be relevant; (4) Manner: Be perspicuous, (4a) Avoid obscurity of
expression, (4b) Avoid ambiguity, (4c) Be brief: Avoid unnecessary
prolixity, (4d) Be orderly.