29 Further, systematic efforts are often made to destroy the reputation of land rights activists and community leaders. In Cambodia, trade union leaders have been subjected to arrest, physical violence, and judicial harassment. Community activists protesting against land grabs and forced evictions have been jailed and charged with offenses such as incitement and damage to property, as well as with fabricated common crimes that include robbery, assault and drug smuggling. In extreme cases, rights defenders have been silenced through killing. Other forms of violence in land conflict cases are equally concerning. There is psychological violence that comes in the form of grave threats, verbal abuse, harassment, and discrimination – which may have deeper and longer-lasting impacts within the family and community. When land conflicts occur, there is fear, a loss of sense of security, and erosion of community trust. Land and resource conflicts also affect the livelihoods of communities, either by (a) displacing them from lands they use for farming, (b) denying them access to forests and waters, or (c) compromising the quality of their environment, such as when mining pollutes water systems and makes the land unsuitable for use or vulnerable to erosion and landslides. In Northern Mindanao, Philippines over 10,000 livelihoods were displaced when indigenous people were denied access to their traditional forests with the entry of plantations for oil palm and pineapple, and pasture for cattle-raising. Meanwhile, the lack of access to justice and peaceful resolution of disputes bring about the escalation of land conflicts, often leading to violence. Land conflicts breed other crimes. In Bangladesh, an estimated 80 percent of criminal offenses today are said to stem from land disputes. Moreover, some 18.3 percent of families pay BDT 22,270 (USD 266.27) to police and BDT 5,483 (USD 65.56) to local arbitrators for pending cases or to resolve land disputes. Finally, land conflicts breed conditions that may have long-term impacts within households and communities. They can bring about poverty, the loss of livelihoods, food insecurity, environmental degradation, social tensions, Regional Summary: A Perspective Overview of Land Conflicts in Six Asian Countries 2018. In the Philippines, there were 147 documented incidents of cases filed against community leaders and members in 2017 to mid-2018. Cases filed by businesses and landed families included trespassing and theft, for “illegally harvesting crops” from farmlands that they had planted.