109 Table 1: Philippine tenure instruments in the continuum of land rights Tenure instrument EP DAR CLT Description Land transfer certificate in agricultural lands for ARBs Period of tenure Subject to amortization CLOA Private parties Access Harvest Use Exclude Inherit P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P Agri Leasehold Lease contract Based on agreement P P P P IFMA Individual/ Corporate Lease management for public lands 25 years, renewable P P P P CBFMA Collective Lease management for public lands 25 years, renewable P P P P CADC Recognized claim for ICCs/IPs Perpetuity P P P P P CADT Collective title for ICCs/ IPs Perpetuity P P P P P CALT Individual title for ICCs/ IPs DENR NCIP BUNDLE of RIGHTS Perpetuity P P P P P Lease Sell After 10 years P P Only among CADT holders Source: Quizon, 2018. “a show of force, an imposition of will on another to achieve control through destructive means.” The most extreme form of violence is physical violence such as killing, maiming, torture, detainment and displacement. It can also come in the form of psychological violence (e.g. grave threats, harassment, defamation, etc.), economic violence (e.g. denial of access to resources, services and opportunities, or subjecting stakeholders to exploitative arrangements), or political violence (e.g. denial of the right to self-determination and the denial of access to decision-making processes). Amidst violence, conflicts escalate and may lead to situations where violence may recur. Only when peaceful means are pursued and the issues that caused the conflict are substantively addressed, will conflict situations reach settlement. Land Conflicts and Land Rights Defenders in the Philippines Issued by