110 In defense of land rights: A monitoring report on land conflicts in six Asian countries SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Prevalence and duration of conflicts Land and resource conflicts are prevalent in the Philippines. Three hundred fifty-two (352) cases of conflicts documented in this study are concentrated in four percent of the total territory of the Philippines (30,291,561 hectares). Nearly half (48 percent) of this number were conflicts between communities and business establishments. A significant percentage (36 percent) occurred between and among community members, while the remaining percentage (16 percent) is comprised of conflicts between community members and the government. The duration of conflict ranges from less than a year to sixty eight years, with a mean of 14 years. Human rights violations in land and resource conflicts Some 431 instances of human rights violations (HRV) were found in 233 of the conflict cases studied. Majority of these HRV incidents (272 incidents or 63 percent of total HRVs) occurred in Mindanao. Violations came in the form of killings, disappearances, injuries, detention, displacement, damage to property, unfair contracts and labor practices, intrusion into territories without FPIC, and criminalization. There were 61 killings perpetrated during the period January 2017 to June 2018. More than 90 percent of those killed were affiliated with civil society organizations (CSOs) and social movements. Furthermore, 66 percent of the killings were committed by the military in the guise of anti-insurgency campaigns that subsequently emboldened landowners to resist CARP coverage, or facilitated investments in ancestral domains. These investments were owned by influential families, particularly cronies of the late dictator Ferdinand Marcos, and/or prominent legislators and local chief executives. Other perpetrators of killings were guns for hire, private armed groups, rebel groups and paramilitary groups employed by businesses, and community members in cases of ownership conflicts. On top of the killings, there were six individuals that disappeared; eight individuals maimed and 17 individuals illegally detained. All these, except one case of maiming, were committed by the military. ANGOC Impacts on rural communities Rural communities bear the brunt of the impacts of land and resource conflicts. HRVs committed at the community level involved displacement, damage to livelihood, unfair/exploitative economic arrangements, criminalization of actions of community leaders and members, forcible entry without FPIC,