22 T.A. Cinco et al. / Atmospheric Research 145–146 (2014) 12–26 Fig. 7. Trends in extreme daily rainfall intensity in the Philippines (1951–2010) compared with the 1961–1990 mean values. peak in temperatures in 1998 all of which are consistent with the results of analysis presented here. Furthermore, the lack of sub-national spatial consistency and a lower occurrence of statistically significant results for rainfall related indices (extreme frequency and intensity) observed in this study are also consistent with the regional findings in the Manton et al. (2001) study. In the same study, all five stations in the Philippines showed an insignificant decrease in extreme frequency of rainfall events with stations at Baguio and Tuguegarao (not considered here) showing an insignificant increase in extreme rainfall intensity, somewhat inconsistent with the results described here. Such inconsistency could be associated with the fact that this study used an additional 12 years of data spanning what is widely considered one of the warmest periods in the last two hundred years (IPCC, 2013a) presenting results which are broadly consistent with global data (e.g. HadCRUT3 and GISSTemp). Building on earlier research, this study has allowed for the identification of spatial variations between stations across a number of indicators and highlighted the geographic heterogeneity of the climate in the Philippines. More recent national level literature using data from the same stations as those in this study have revealed an overall decreasing trend in seasonal rainfall associated with the southwest monsoon (SWM) which is normally responsible for up to 43% of annual rainfall in the Philippines (Cruz