n n n ARBs with competing land claims with other sectors, because of overlapping land rights under existing land laws; ARBs who have informally pawned their lands out of poverty and indebtedness; and, Leaseholders and share tenants who are still without legal contracts, as DAR’s work on leasehold has lacked an effective mechanism for monitoring and implementation. Also, the data show that rural women still lack equal rights to own, manage and control land, as women constitute only 29.5 percent of the listed beneficiaries, 13.8 percent of Emancipation Patent (EP) holders, and 32.8 percent of all CLOA holders. Several impact and evaluation studies conducted by DAR and independent research groups have shown that land reform has resulted in modest improvements in the productivity, incomes and assets of ARBs. Studies also show that ARBs tend to have better perceptions of their economic and social conditions, and to have more optimism about their future, compared to nonARBs. Yet while CARP has contributed to poverty reduction, the improvements have not been bold enough to bring significant numbers of the rural poor out of poverty (as cited in Quizon, 2017). An overall issue has been the lack of timely and responsive support services, including agriculture extension, for small farmers. While the levels of production in “reformed” lands have risen for staples such as rice and corn, the yields remain only slightly higher than that of the national average, yet still below their true potential when compared to productivity levels in other Southeast Asian countries. Yield levels among ARBs for other crops (e.g. coconut and sugar) are lower than the national average. These may show the overall poor status of agricultural extension in the country. CARP in public lands Based on PARC data, the implementation of CARP in public lands has exceeded its target scope – i.e., in the issuance of land patents to tillers (101.4 percent) and in the granting of ISF/CBFM 25-year lease agreements to forest dwellers and users (105.2 percent). Both were ongoing programs under DENR, even prior to the enactment of the CARP law in 1988. The targets for the ISF/CBFM under CARP were reportedly completed as early as CY 2000. Asian NGO Coalition for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (ANGOC) 27