Issuance of land patents – land to the claimant? Based on DENR’s reported CARP accomplishments, some 2,753,460 families have directly benefitted from the redistribution of public lands (through patents and leaseholds) between July 1987 and December 2015. However, the quality of DENR’s work has not been assessed. For DENR employees, the underlying principle in titling may not be land to the tiller but land to the claimant, even if he/she is neither a resident in the area or an actual tiller. With the reported completion of DENR’s work under CARP, DENR is likely to return to its administrative role of processing claims and applications, with less concerns for equity considerations. Under RA 9176, the filing of land patent applications is extended to CY 2020. Need to assess household-level impacts of group tenure arrangements, such as CBFM. Under CBFM, agreements are forged with POs and there is the danger that the privileges and benefits are captured by the leaders or local elite especially in the absence of regular monitoring. Furthermore, many of the current 1,884 POs with CBFMAs were created solely for the scheme. According to a 2016 GIZ study, “… many (POs) do not have leadership and management capabilities and disintegrate after some time. Some POs provide benefits only to the leaders and include only part (20 to 30 percent) of the community.” Moratorium on new tenure agreements on forestland. The 2013 DENR moratorium on the renewal or issuance of tenure agreements on forestland has left many forest dwelling households and communities without legal tenure. Half of the approximately 500,000 individual CSCs have expired, although the DENR reportedly plans to renew them through group tenure arrangements under CBFM. Meanwhile, for CBFMA holders, there is an approaching need to apply for renewal of their 25-year leases, as CARP was instituted in 1988. Who decides which CBFM areas would continue? What happens to those whose CBFM agreements have ended? Overlapping tenure instruments and management schemes. On average, a CBFMA covers 858 hectares and 102 families. As such, CBFMAs cover relatively smaller parcels within larger tenure and management regimes, which include ancestral domains, national parks and protected areas, mineral lands, timber and forest concessions, and lands managed through local governments. Moreover, CBFMAs and CSCs are just two among the many tenure instruments that DENR issues over forestlands and other public lands. In many instances, there are overlapping tenure instruments and management schemes, and these affect especially indigenous peoples, as when CBFMAs are issued to settlers within areas under ancestral domain claims. On occasion, resource-use conflicts contribute Asian NGO Coalition for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (ANGOC) 71