Ancestral domains of indigenous people under IPRA After 21 years of IPRA, some 5.4 million hectares, constituting 18 percent of the total land area of the Philippines, is now recognized as ancestral domains owned by indigenous peoples. Few other countries in the world can make a similar claim. Some 221 Certificate of Ancestral Domain Titles (CADTs) have been approved as of 2018. Moreover, given other pending ancestral domain claims (CADCs) and ongoing applications for CADTs, it is estimated that around 7.5 to 8 million hectares, or a quarter of the country’s land area, could eventually be recognized as ancestral lands belonging to indigenous people. However, it remains debatable if the issued titles (CADTs) have enabled indigenous communities to assert their rights, as the existence of CADTs does not seem to be respected. In many instances, CADT holders have been constrained from exercising and enforcing their traditional governance. LGUs continue to ignore ADSDPPs in their local development planning. CADT areas continue to be contested by powerful interests on-site, as well as by the entry of investments (mining and plantations), adversarial land claims, and the continued incursion of migrants. Some land conflicts have led to violence in which the rural poor, especially indigenous people, have sustained injuries, deaths and damages to their homes and livelihoods. CADT areas also overlap significantly with other tenure regimes, notably national parks and protected areas. Also, different government agencies have continued to issue titles and tenure instruments within CADT and CADC areas. In 2012, four government agencies (DAR, DENR, NCIP and LRA) issued Joint Administrative Order (JAO) 1, series of 2012 that established the mechanisms to prevent and resolve conflicts over overlapping claims. Yet, land conflicts persisted, as the DAR and DENR did not stop processing titles and leases within CADC/CADT areas. Meanwhile, out of the 221 approved CADTs, only 50 are registered with the Land Registration Authority (LRA). For the processing of new titles, the NCIP needs to acquire Certificates of Non-Overlap from DAR, DENR and LRA before they may be able to register the remaining CADTs. This may be next to impossible, as all CADCs and CADTs have overlapping claims. Different indigenous peoples’ groups have thus demanded the revocation of JAO 1-2012. Today, indigenous people face new policy issues and threats: (1) the planned 300 new eco-zones by the Philippine Economic Zone Authority, which are likely Asian NGO Coalition for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (ANGOC) 29