to weak compliance, a deadlock of socioeconomic activities, and eruptions of violence. The fact that CBFMAs continue to be issued within ancestral domains of indigenous peoples seem to indicate that the CBFMA is seen more as a resource management measure than as a tenure instrument. For instance, DENR AO No. 96-29 provides for the issuance of CADC-CBFMAs on lands under ancestral domain claim and CALC-CBFMAs on lands under ancestral land claim, provided they opt to participate.18 Oftentimes, indigenous communities are required to have permits, or CBFMAs, in order to utilize the resources within their own ancestral domains that are already under CADT. Recommendations § Conduct a program-wide impact assessment of the implementation of CARP in public lands. There is need to study and review whether and to what extent individual families under group tenure systems such as CBFM are able to exercise and enjoy their full rights of tenure. Under CBFM, agreements are forged with POs, communities and even local governments. There is always the danger that privileges and benefits are captured by the leaders or local elite, especially in the absence of regular monitoring. Thus a key question for study is whether the improved tenure actually leads to improvements in family livelihoods. § DENR to complete the inventory of all forest-dwellers, along with their tenure status. Also, conduct an inventory of all remaining lands in the public domain (outside of ancestral domains and claims) that are suitable for agriculture and can be redistributed under agrarian reform. § Address the issue of future tenure security for ISF/CBFMA holders whose 25-year leases have expired and have not been renewed. Who decides which CBFM areas would continue? What would happen to those whose agreements are ended, particularly in relation to the tenure security and livelihoods of forest dwellers? What compensation would be given to them? § For government and civil society to ensure the participation of organizational representatives on non-IP forest dwellers in decisionmaking bodies, as well as in dialogues, fora, and discussions. n DENR AO 96-29 is entitled “Rules and Regulations for the Implementation of Executive Order 263, otherwise known as the Community-Based Forest Management Strategy (CBFMS).” 18 72 Status of Land and Resource Tenure Reform in the Philippines 2018