Convinced that international migration has a positive effect on the host country and on the country of origin when such flows are well managed ; Conscious that the management of migratory flows cannot be achieved through control measures only, but also require a concerted action on the root causes of migration, in particular through the implementation of development projects in Africa ; Affirming that effective action must be taken against illegal migration, smuggling of and trafficking in human beings, in the framework of a viable and united partnership, whilst respecting the fundamental rights and dignity of migrants ; Aware of the need to provide adequate international protection in accordance with the international obligations of the partner countries ; Aware that it is necessary to make better use of the potential of migration as a factor for the development, modernisation and innovation of the societies of origin, transit and the host societies ; Convinced that migratory flows are fed by powerful structural factors operating in the societies of origin, transit and the host societies, and that they have predominantly economic and social causes ; Concerned by the phenomenon of brain-drain which holds back the development of countries of origin by depriving them of quality skills, leadership and experienced workers ; Reaffirming that the management of these flows requires a coherent response that addresses, in a comprehensive and balanced way, the different aspects and various phases of the migratory process as a whole, in the context of an approach involving countries of origin, transit and destination ; We Commit to creating and developing a close partnership between our respective countries so as to work together, following a comprehensive, balanced, pragmatic and operational approach, and respecting the rights and dignity of migrants and refugees, as regards the phenomenon of migratory routes that affect our peoples. a. This partnership between the countries of origin, transit and destination aims to offer a concrete and appropriate response to the fundamental issue of controlling migratory flows and is based on the strong conviction that the management of migration between Africa and Europe must be carried out within the context of a partnership to combat poverty and promote sustainable development and co-development. b. In order to strengthen an environment favorable to development, it is necessary to promote good governance, people-to-people exchange, trade and to promote peace and stability and the coherence of international policies. 2