composed of recommendations from the panel discussion offers several ideas for integrating human rights in climate action that respects, protects, promotes and fulfils all human rights. Part II: Which human rights are most affected by climate change? “Climate change, human-induced climate change, is obviously an assault on the ecosystem that we all share, but it also has the added feature of undercutting rights, important rights like the right to health, the right to food, to water and sanitation, to adequate housing, and, in a number of small island States and coastal communities, the very right to self-determination and existence.” Flavia Pansieri, United Nations Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights, The relationship between climate change and the enjoyment of human rights is both too complex and too vast to fully describe here. Instead, this Part focusses on specific examples referred to by panellists during the March 2015 discussion at the Human Rights Council. In this context, it is critical to remember that although specific rights may be discussed separately, all human rights are universal, inalienable, indivisible, interdependent and interconnected. A preventable violation of one right can have far-reaching consequences for other, and in some instances, all human rights. The panel discussion, the IPCC, and the overwhelming consensus among experts make it abundantly clear that climate change negatively impacts human rights. In this regard, it is useful to consider what States and other duty-bearers are obligated to do in the circumstances. This question is addressed briefly here and more thoroughly in OHCHR’s Key Messages on Human Rights and Climate Change and in Part III. As a starting point, States are legally bound to respect, protect, promote, and fulfil all human rights. In doing so, they have committed to work individually and collectively, to eliminate discrimination and promote equality, and to expend maximum available resources for the progressive realization of economic, social and cultural rights as well as the advancement of civil and political rights and the right to development. The following discussion of specific issues demonstrates the grave consequences of failure to comply with these obligations. The right to life “…in dealing with sustainable development issues, unless you deal with the issues of climate change, life, particularly of the most vulnerable, will continue to be threatened and compromised, and life is already compromised and threatened on most island countries…” Enele Sosene Sopoaga, Prime Minister, Tuvalu According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights “everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.” The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) reiterates that “every human being has the inherent right to life.” All States have committed to respect, protect, promote, and fulfil the right to life. This entails, at the very least, that States should take effective measures against foreseeable and preventable loss of life. Climate change clearly poses a threat to human life. Abul Hassan Mahmood Ali, Foreign Minister of Bangladesh, described this threat as “existential”. As highlighted by Renan Dalisay, Page 13 of 28