26 The indicators, meticulously monitored and studied by the scientific community, as evidence of the reality of climate change, are as follows: 1. Atmospheric Warming The temperature of the atmosphere increases due to excess heat being trapped by GHG instead of being released back into space. The IPCC reported that the mean global surface temperatures of each of the last four decades has been successively warmer than any decade that preceded it since 1850.108 From the years 2001 to 2020, the global surface temperature was 1.09°C higher than the 1850 to 1900 baseline conditions.109 This increase in temperature is being experienced in all regions of the world. Even accounting for natural climate variabilities, the rate of warming has been unlike anything in the past 800,000 years.110 2. Oceanic Indicators Ocean Warming Oceans, much like the atmosphere, absorb excess heat that fails to escape into space. The IPCC reports state that ocean surface temperature has been increasing over the past decades. The global ocean has warmed unabated, and its heat content has increased since 1970 and is projected to continue to increase over the 21st century. Furthermore, the rate of ocean warming has doubled since 1993. It has, on average, increased by 0.88°C from 1850-1900 to 2011-2020, with 0.60°C of this warming having occurred since 1980.111 Marine heatwaves112 have become more frequent over the 20th century, and since the 1980s, have approximately doubled in frequency and have become longer and more intense.113 108 109 Id. Id. 111 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2019: Summary for Policymakers. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3-35. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.001 [hereinafter IPCC SROCC SPM]. 110 112 113 Id. Sustained periods of anomalously high near-surface temperatures that can lead to severe and persistent impacts on marine ecosystems. IPCC, AR 6, WG1, SPM, supra note 107.