24 lens on what may constitute adequate human rights protection from climate harms in the Philippines, including the role of businesses in addressing these harms and the identification of policy gaps that should be addressed by the Philippine government; and the Climate Compensation Act and principles of liability for large-scale GHG emitters. Kumi Naidoo, Laura Gyte, Dr. Glenn Roy Paraso, former Commissioner of the Climate Change Commission Naderev Saño; former Chair of this Commission Loretta Ann Rosales, and Dr. Margaretha Wewerinke-Singh testified as expert resource persons for the Petitioners. On 26 June 2019, the Inquiry Panel asked Petitioners to submit their Formal Offer of Evidence on or before 5 July 2019, and their Memorandum, on or before 31 August 2019. On 4 July 2019, the Petitioners filed an Ex-Parte Motion for Extension, dated 3 July 2019, requesting for an extension of fifteen days each within which to file the two pleadings, specifically by 20 July 2019, for the Formal Offer of Evidence, and by 15 September 2019, for the Memorandum, which motion was granted on 5 July 2019. On 19 July 2019, the Petitioners filed their Ex-Parte Formal Offer of Documentary Exhibits and Manifestation. On 13 September 2019, Petitioners filed an Ex-Parte Manifestation and Additional Formal Offer of Documentary Exhibit requesting the admission of evidence omitted in their formal offer of 19 July 2019. On 19 September 2019, the Petitioners submitted their Memorandum. V. Findings A. Climate Change is Real The Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines climate change as the “change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer.” Climate change may be “due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic