78 and obligation under international law.389 States should regulate everything within their territory such that emissions are drastically reduced, the standard being limiting warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius from pre-Industrial levels, as stated in the Paris Agreement. This target has been increased to below 1.5 degrees, as recommended by the IPCC390 in order to prevent the worst-case scenarios that could impact human rights. States must hence drastically reduce the carbon footprint of not only State activities, but also of non-State actors. This involves drastic reductions in the use of fossil fuels and the transition to renewable energy sources by 2030.391 C. Refusal of Governments to Engage in Meaningful Action to Mitigate Climate Change may be Categorized as a Human Rights Violation Citizens may hold their governments accountable for failure to mitigate–not just adapt to–climate change. The pursuit of the State obligation to mitigate climate change cannot just be framed as aspirational, where the standard of fulfillment is vague and the timeline uncertain. Concrete metrics must be set against which States may be held accountable. Failing in this, States enable the human rights of their citizens to be harmed, which equates to a violation of their duty to protect human rights. For the purpose of holding States in failure of their human rights obligations in the context of climate change, which failure may, itself, be categorized as a human rights violation, it is sufficient to establish the absence of meaningful State resolve and action to address the major anthropogenic actors and factors driving global warming. That science cannot yet establish to a high degree of accuracy the causal relationship between GHGs and specific climate-related effects on particular parties is a problematic only in establishing legal 389 Relationship Between Climate Change and Human Rights Report, supra note 221. 390 IPCC, (2018). Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C Above Pre-Industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty [V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H. O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J. B. R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press. 391 IPCC, 2022: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.001 [hereinafter referred to as IPCC, AR6, WGIII].