58 In 2018, 16.6 percent of the Philippine population already lived below the national poverty line.276 This will continue to rise if the impacts of climate change are not mitigated. An analysis released by the Asian Development Bank states that: disasters can push non-poor households into poverty and the poor even deeper into poverty. In terms of relative mobility, our findings suggest that households that experienced typhoons are more likely to fall into a lower income quantile than those who didn’t experience typhoons. In terms of absolute mobility, the incomes of households that were hit by typhoons are more likely to grow more slowly than the incomes of households that were not hit.These results are intuitive as disasters bring damage to life, property, and livelihood. As these damages affect the households’ capacity to cope and recover, a disaster can push families into a downward income spiral.277 The country’s poorest communities are especially vulnerable because of the shortage of socio-economic resources necessary to cope with climate impacts. The poor are more likely to forego food, health, or education in order to finance their recovery from climate disasters.278 The loss of productive assets and livelihood is even more pronounced among farmers and fisherfolk who are highly dependent on natural resources.279 The fisheries sector, comprising about 70 percent of the Philippine population, “are considered ‘poorest of the poor’”.280 Marginalization, insecure housing, limited assets, high costs of fishing equipment, and reliance on uncertain production systems all contribute to the poverty of fisherfolk. This is exacerbated by climate change–the underlying cause of a decline in marine capture and consequently, the decrease in their income.281 276 277 278 279 280 281 Asian Development Bank, Poverty https://www.adb.org/countries/philippines/poverty. Data: Philippines, available at Shikha Jha, Arturo Martinez, Pilipinas Quising, Zemma Ardaniel, & Limin Wang, Natural Disasters, Public Spending, and Creative Destruction: A Case Study of the Philippines (Asian Development Bank Institute Working Paper Series No. 817) (2018), available at https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/408351/adbi-wp817.pdf. Brian Walsh & Stephane Hallegatte, Measuring Natural Risks in the Philippines: Socioeconomic Resilience and Wellbeing Losses (World Bank Group Policy Research Working Paper 8723) (2019), available at http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/482401548966120315/pdf/ WPS8723.pdf. World Bank, Getting a Grip, supra note 139, at 24. Exhibit 4G, Mudjekeewis D. Santos, Impacts of Climate Change to Philippine Fisheries, May 2018. IPCC, 2022: Summary for Policymakers [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II