6 Q13: How did this report come about? A13: During the period of time between the initial launch of the Smoke and Fumes website in 2016 and the release of the November 2017 Legal and Evidentiary Synthesis Report, a number of key developments and documents were brought to our attention. The Smoke & Fumes Synthesis Report builds upon CIEL’s earlier work on Smoke & Fumes and, more significantly, on an earlier synthesis of available evidence included as the Annex to CIEL’s original amicus submission to the Commission. The Report was created to provide a ready means for researchers, investigators, and others to assess and navigate a rapidly growing body of documentary evidence, and to allow direct and easy access to the underlying documentation wherever feasible. Q14: Did this report undergo any form of scrutiny from other scholars or researchers? A14: While CIEL did not submit its Legal and Evidentiary Synthesis report to a formal peer review process prior to release, drafts of the report were shared with outside researchers with relevant expertise for review and comment. Additionally, at numerous stages throughout the development of the project including the development of the website and the Smoke & Fumes database, CIEL has consulted with outside experts to inform our assessment of the content and significance of individual documents. CIEL has also reached out to researchers whose work is discussed in Smoke & Fumes to ensure our characterization of their findings and methods were appropriate and drew upon that earlier guidance in presenting and analyzing evidence for the report. Q15: Briefly, what is this report all about? A15: This report summarizes the letters and research that demonstrate how major fossil fuel companies had deep knowledge of climate change earlier than they have publicly acknowledged, and then not only failed to warn the public of the potentially severe danger their products pose, but then actively undertook efforts to mislead and confuse the public regarding the certainty of climate science and the dangerous impacts of climate change. This knowledge, combined with both the actions and inactions of the companies involved, is an appropriate basis for legal responsibility under several theories of liability, including civil liability theories of tort, non-contractual obligations under civil law, and international human rights law. Q16: The report is divided into two (2) parts: Part 1 of the report, pages 3 to 6, discusses “The Legal Basis for Accountability: Fundamental Elements of Responsibility under Tort, Civil Liability, and Human Rights” and Part 2, pages 7 to 25, tackles “The Evidentiary Basis for Accountability: Notice, Opportunity, and Failure to Act.” Could you please briefly summarize the key points of each part? A16: Part 1 is a comparative review of the nature of responsibility, that details the history and jurisprudence of causation, harm, and foreseeability under